1. 1 Foundations of American Education, Fifth Edition L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

2. 2 Chapter 4 The Impact of Educational Theories on Educational Practice PowerPoint Presentation L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

3. 3 What is a Theory? A theory is a hypothesis (or set of hypotheses) that is verified by observation or experimentation. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

4. 4 What is a Theory of Education? A theory of education is a composite of systematic thinking about: schooling the nature of the learner curriculum instructional methods classroom management assessments the role of the teacher L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

5. 5 Theories of Education perennialism progressivism behaviorism essentialism social reconstructionism postmodernism L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

6. 6 Perennialism Is About Protest Perennialism protests against secularization and against excessive focus on science and technology at the expense of reason. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

7. 7 Perennialism The Purpose of Schooling –to teach eternal truths –to cultivate the rational intellect –to develop a spiritual nature –to prepare The Nature of the Learner –Students are rational beings of value and worth. –They have an intellect and a soul. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

8. 8 Perennialism (continued) Curriculum - Christian doctrine - Great Books and the liberal arts - character training and moral development Instructional Methods –didactic instruction –coaching –Socratic Method Classroom Management –train the will –time on task –precision and order –orderliness and structure L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

9. 9 Perennialism (continued) Assessment –objective exams and essay exams The Teacher –educated in the liberal arts –an authority figure; disseminator of the truth –a “director of mental calisthenics” –an intellectual coach Leading educational proponents Jacques Maritain Robert Hutchins Mortimer Adler Allan Bloom L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 10 Progressivism Is About Protest Progressivism protests against an emphasis on universal truth, at the expense of experience and relevance. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

11. 11 Progressivism The Purpose of Schooling –to focus on a democratic society –to encourage cooperation –to develop problem-solving and decision-making skills The Nature of the Learner –Students learn by doing. –They can set their own objectives for learning. –They can work together to solve problems. –They can make classroom rules. –They are able to test and evaluate ideas. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

12. 12 Progressivism (continued) Curriculum –experience-centered –child-centered –growth-centered Instructional Methods –cooperative group activities –project method –scientific method –problem solving –decision making L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

13. 13 Progressivism (continued) Classroom Management –democratic –participatory –self-directed Assessment –formative evaluation –ongoing feedback L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

14. 14 Progressivism (continued) The Teacher –a facilitator and guide –a director of learning –a collaborative partner Leading educational proponents Pestalozzi Rousseau Francis W. Parker John Dewey Ella Flagg Young William H. Kilpatrick Theodore Sizer L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

15. 15 Behaviorism Is About Protest Behaviorism protests against importance placed on mental processes that cannot be observed, such as thinking and motivation. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

16. 16 Behaviorism The Purpose of Schooling –to increase appropriate behaviors –to decrease inappropriate behaviors –to teach new behaviors The Nature of the Learner –Students are capable of learning new behavior and of changing behavior. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

17. 17 Behaviorism (continued) Curriculum –cognitive problem solving –critical-thinking skills Instructional Methods –reinforcement –programmed instruction –computer-assisted instruction –problem solving –anger control –self-instruction and self-reinforcement L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

18. 18 Behaviorism (continued) Classroom Management –identify expected behavior –establish procedures and routines –monitor/observe –use rewards and penalties Assessment –behavioral objectives –performance contracting –self-assessment L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

19. 19 Behaviorism (continued) The Teacher –behavioral engineer –controller of behavior –arranger of contingencies Leading educational proponents Pavlov Watson Thorndike Skinner Premack L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

20. 20 Essentialism Is About Protest Essentialism protests against a perceived decline of intellectual rigor and moral standards in schools. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

21. 21 Essentialism The Purpose of Schooling –to train the intellect –to teach culture and traditions –to teach knowledge and skills The Nature of the Learner –Students can become culturally literate and develop disciplined minds. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

22. 22 Essentialism (continued) Curriculum –Back to Basics –instruction in the essentials –moral development and character training Instructional Methods –lecture –recitation –discussion –Socratic dialogue L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

23. 23 Essentialism (continued) Classroom Management –character training –discipline –clear expectations –respect for others Assessment –IQ tests –standardized achievement tests –diagnostic tests –performance-based competency tests L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

24. 24 Essentialism (continued) The Teacher –intellectual, trained in the liberal arts, sciences, or humanities –skilled communicator Leading educational proponents William C. Bagley Arthur E. Bestor Admiral Hyman G. Rickover E.D. Hirsch, Jr. William Bennett Chester Finn Diane Ravitch L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

25. 25 Social Reconstructionism Is About Protest Social reconstructionists protest against the status quo. To them, society is in need of change. Education needs to take the lead in bringing about these changes. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

26. 26 Social Reconstructionism The Purpose of Schooling – to become agents of change The Nature of the Learner –The student is capable of initiating and adapting to change, and thus is a critical agent in social change. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

27. 27 Social Reconstructionism (continued) Curriculum –democratic –critical theory –critical literacy –societal problems and global issues –hidden curriculum Instructional Methods –problem solving –critical thinking –planning for change L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

28. 28 Social Reconstructionism (continued) Classroom Management –conflict resolution –community building Assessment –formative evaluation –ongoing feedback L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

29. 29 Social Reconstructionism (continued) The Teacher –agent of change; shaper of a new society –transformational leader Leading educational proponents Karl Marx George S. Counts Theodore Brameld Harold Rugg Ivan Illich Paulo Freire L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

30. 30 Postmodernism Is About Protest Postmodernism protests against disequity between the dominant culture and the disenfranchised, disadvantaged, or marginal groups in society. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

31. 31 Postmodernism The Purpose of Schooling –to develop critical literacy –to question scientific realism –to question objectivity, truth, and rationality The Nature of the Learner –The student can develop an awareness and understanding of disequity and injustice in society. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

32. 32 Postmodernism (continued) Curriculum –critical literacy –suffering and injustice –cultural politics; challenge unequal power –hidden curriculum Instructional Methods –constructivism –question, critique, and examine L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

33. 33 Postmodernism (continued) Classroom Management –nonthreatening, supportive –open to discussing controversial subjects –encourages self-discipline Assessment –authentic assessment –self-evaluation L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

34. 34 Postmodernism (continued) The Teacher –scholar-practitioner leader –critical thinker –agent of change L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

35. 35 Postmodernism (continued) Leading early educational proponents Karl Marx Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer Herbert Marcuse Jurgen Habermas Eric Fromm L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

36. 36 Postmodernism (continued) Leading modern educational proponents Michael Apple Jacques Derrida Michel Foucault Henry Giroux Jean-Francois Lyotard Richard Rorty L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

37. 37 Identifying Your Philosophy of Education Educational philosophies and educational theories change. Most educators are eclectic. It is important to develop and articulate a philosophy of education. L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.