1. Sub-Sahara Africa: The Land Ch. 20 Sec. 1

2. Highland Features Plateaus make a series of steps  make up most of AfricaPlateaus make a series of steps  make up most of Africa Edges of plateaus are escarpments (cliffs)Edges of plateaus are escarpments (cliffs) –Most are <20 miles from coast (Map on p. 501) –Hard to travel inland from coast (bad for exploration)

4. Highland Features Rivers plunge down escarpments making cataracts (waterfalls)Rivers plunge down escarpments making cataracts (waterfalls) Victoria Falls; b/w Zambia & Zimbabwe

5. Highland Features Africa has highest overall elevation than any other continent…Africa has highest overall elevation than any other continent… But still few mountainsBut still few mountains Mts. included in Eastern highlandsMts. included in Eastern highlands –Ethiopian Highlands, and volcanoes Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya

6. Mt. Kilimanjaro 19,330 ft; in Tanzania Highest Free- Standing Mountain in the world Mt. Kenya 17,057 ft; in Kenya

7. Mt. Kenya

8. Highland features Ruwenzori Mts.Ruwenzori Mts. –Divide Uganda & Dem. Rep. of the Congo –Covered in snow and clouds Drakensberg RangeDrakensberg Range –South Africa –Lots of national parks, wetlands

9. Ruwenzori Mts.; 16,761 ft. Ice Cap on Mount Margherita….Africa’s 3 rd tallest mountain

10. Drakensberg Range; 11,420 ft. - “Barrier of Spears” in Zulu Tugela Falls World’s 2 nd tallest waterfall

11. Great Rift Valley Stretches from Syria to MozambiqueStretches from Syria to Mozambique Formed by shifting tectonic plates (what kind??) millions of yrs. agoFormed by shifting tectonic plates (what kind??) millions of yrs. ago –Volcanoes & earthquakes continue to shape region TODAY

13. Red Sea

14. Great Rift Valley Forms two branchesForms two branches –Eastern branch = volcanic cones –Western branch= lakes Lake Tanganyika (2 nd lgst. freshwater & 2 nd deepest in world)Lake Tanganyika (2 nd lgst. freshwater & 2 nd deepest in world) Lake Malawi (mt. rimmed, >2,300 feet deep)Lake Malawi (mt. rimmed, >2,300 feet deep) Lake Victoria (2 nd widest in world, but shallow; source of White Nile)Lake Victoria (2 nd widest in world, but shallow; source of White Nile)

15. Lake Tanganyika Lake Malawi

16. Lake Victoria

17. The African Great Lakes

18. Water Systems Lakes & rivers come from basins formed millions of yrs. ago as land upliftedLakes & rivers come from basins formed millions of yrs. ago as land uplifted Travel from plateaus in center of cont. to the seaTravel from plateaus in center of cont. to the sea – Hit escarpments  waterfalls  near impossible to navigate inland/ up river

19. Water Systems Lake Chad:Lake Chad: –West-central Africa 20 mil. ppl in 4 countries depend on it20 mil. ppl in 4 countries depend on it –Faces desertification (droughts + natural climate) So shallow, affected greatly by climate ΔsSo shallow, affected greatly by climate Δs 1960s = 26,000 km²; 2000= 1,500 km²1960s = 26,000 km²; 2000= 1,500 km²

21. Water Systems Lake Volta:Lake Volta: –Man-made (1 of lgst. in world) –Flooded 700 villages & displaced 70,000 to create –Used for irrigation, fishing, hydroelectric power (Akosombo Dam) for major aluminum plant and ppl of Ghana

22. Akosombo Dam (creates Lake Volta)

23. Water Systems Niger River:Niger River: –“great river”  main artery in W. Africa – 2,600 miles long (3 rd in Africa) Forms arc across 5 countriesForms arc across 5 countries –Vital for irrigation & transportation –Splits into Niger Delta in Nigeria (150 X 200 miles)

26. Water Systems Zambezi River:Zambezi River: –Many waterfalls (Victoria Falls- 355 foot drop– 2X size of Niagra) Congo River:Congo River: –Meets sea at deep, navigable estuary (only one in Africa) –Largest network of navigable water in Africa –But still has major waterfalls & rapids

27. Zambezi River Victoria Falls

28. Congo River- 2 nd longest

29. Physical Barriers Sahara prevents travel from North Africa to South/Central AfricaSahara prevents travel from North Africa to South/Central Africa Western deltas were treacherous to sail inlandWestern deltas were treacherous to sail inland Eastern highlands made travel inland difficult (cliffs)Eastern highlands made travel inland difficult (cliffs) –Europeans controlled coastal trade and Africans controlled inland trade

30. Natural Resources Mineral resources are abundantMineral resources are abundant –Plentiful oil reserves –Various metals across region –S. Africa has ½ world’s gold, also found elsewhere –Major diamond deposits

31. Natural Resources Water is ABUNDANTWater is ABUNDANT The problem lies with harnessing power (physical & financial problems)The problem lies with harnessing power (physical & financial problems) –Congo River- More potential hydroelectric power than U.S. –Africa hold’s 25% of the world’s potential for hydroelectricity, but uses less than 10% of it. More development is occurringMore development is occurring –Kenya installed 20,000 rural solar power systems from 86-96

32. Climate Review Ch 20.2

33. Climate & Vegetation Match the location with its correct climate region:Match the location with its correct climate region: –Sahel –South Africa –Kalahari –Congo –Sahara –Serengeti Plain –Namib –Desert –Steppe –Savanna –Moderate –Rainforest

34. Climate & Vegetation How can heavy rains be detrimental to farming in the tropics?How can heavy rains be detrimental to farming in the tropics? Name 3 factors leading to the desertification of the Sahel.Name 3 factors leading to the desertification of the Sahel.

35. Farming for the Future Simulation

36. In your Spiral How did the Impact Cards change your situation as a subsistence farmer?How did the Impact Cards change your situation as a subsistence farmer? What do you think would have happened if this cycle of low food production and malnutrition were to continue for several years?What do you think would have happened if this cycle of low food production and malnutrition were to continue for several years? What are structural solutions to the issues of hunger and food security?What are structural solutions to the issues of hunger and food security?