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© T. M. Whitmore Today – South Asia Green Revolution: positive or negative Natural resources & industry
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© T. M. Whitmore Last time – Questions? Agriculture & cattle Green Revolution Consequences of Green Revolution
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© T. M. Whitmore South Asia & GR Per hectare productivity up Yet still below world’s best Poor performance due to Uncertain Monsoon and lack too little irrigation Tenure uneven Most small holders are too poor => Cannot afford inputs But, since late 1960s S Asia has been able to feed itself – but for how long?
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© T. M. Whitmore Globally, Problems & Successes – critics and advocates Successes Improved productivity 2-3 times as much per hectare Improved productivity Far lower prices for main grain crops world wide Lower rates of extensification world wide Vastly increased food production Lower proportions of hunger and lower absolute numbers Lower proportions of hunger But regionally variable But regionally variable
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0 1 2 3 4 5 Yield (metric tons/hectare) 196019651970197519801985199019952000 Wheat Yield Rice Yield Maize Yield Yields Are Up, But Growth is Slowing World Resources Institute
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© T. M. Whitmore Problems with the GR technology Chemical pollution Runoff can enter water tables and poison local water sources Individual farmers often have very little knowledge of risks using pesticides especially — thus compromising their health
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© T. M. Whitmore Soil damage Chemicals, especial herbicides and other organic killers, can also kill micro organisms within the soils Very “tight” spacing of crops in the field lead to large demands on the soils for nutrients Tight spacing and mechanization can lead to soil compaction Erosion & salinization Problems with GR technology II
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© T. M. Whitmore Other Problems Uneven geographic and crop- specific impacts Little improvement in pulses and root crops Little improvement in dryland crops - mostly un-irrigated (barley, millets, and sorghums) Regionally uneven Recent increases due to increase in fertilizer use not seeds per se
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© T. M. Whitmore Problems continued Impacts on large and small holders Difficult for poor to afford the “package” Benefits of improved output mostly to the already relatively better off Other criticisms Genetic loss Petroleum dependence (fertilizer) Dependence on irrigation Does not “solve” the food problem
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© T. M. Whitmore Natural Resources & Industry India dominant for resources and industry Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan new centers for low-tech assembly (maquiladora type labor) Indian natural resources: Iron; coal Little petroleum
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© T. M. Whitmore Industry & Economic Development Industrial development & British colonial legacy New “back office” and hi-tech developments New “back office” and hi-tech developments Maquiladora-type, export led developments Micro-credit: Micro-credit Muhammad Yunus & Grameen Bank Awarded The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006 www.grameen-info.org/www.grameen-info.org/ Also see www.kiva.orgwww.kiva.org
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© T. M. Whitmore Locales of industrial development Pakistan: Lahlore Bangladesh: Dhaka India Old colonial cities Mumbai/Bombay; Delhi – light industry & finance Calcutta & W Bengal – heavy industry New “Silicon plateau” Bangalore- Madras
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