1. Long term employment and measures to prevent it Professor Ingi Runar Edvardsson

2. Content The meaning of work Long term unemployment –How does it affect unemployed people? –Who are most likely to be long term unemployed? What measures have Western governments used to fight long term unemployment? –Are some measures more effective than others? Are we seeing radical changes in the labour market?

3. The meaning of work Means of livelihood - wages Contribution to society – making a difference – doing something of use Status and position Has impact on our identity –Who am I?

4. The lack of work Decreasing living standards – poverty? –Holidays, restaurants and pub visits, dentists, bargains and savings, run into debt A feeling of vastness and alienation –lonely, isolated – rely on family and friends for social support Low status of unemployment –Stigmatisation, source of same Identity crisis?- Loosing self-respect Increasing the likelihood of receiving sickness benefits, early retirement

5. Long term unemployment Unemployed: Out of job but actively seeking employment Long term unemployment: being unemployed for longer than 12 months

6. Who is most likely to be long- term unemployed? Age –Young people, older workers The lower the education and qualifications the higher the risk Single parents and people with children (lack of child care provision) People with disability Immigrants

7. The causes of unemployment Economic crisis –Decreasing demand for labour Structural transformation –From manufacturing to services –Deindustrialisation –Offshoring, new international division of labour Technological changes –Increased productivity

8. Long term development of unemployment in Nordic countries Source: The Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2009

9. 1 year and over as % of total unemployment Source: Labour force statistics 1997-2007.

11. Best practice Barbara Sianesi (2008, p. 370), Labour economics: “…the central finding is that the more similar to a regular job, the more effective a program is for is for its participants. Employment subsidies perform best by far, followed by trainee replacement and, by a long stretch, labour market training”. K. Carling and K. Richardson (2004, p. 335), Labour economics: “We find that programs in which the participants obtain subsidized work experience and training provided by firms have better outcomes than classroom vocational training.”

12. Best practice cont. M. Estevão (2003), IMF Working Paper Using panel data for 15 industrial countries Active labour market policy increased in the 1990s and did increase employment rate Direct subsidies to job creation were the most effective in raising employment rates, while expenditure on job training programs seem to have been largely ineffective

13. Future trends Is long-term unemployment similar as in previous times? What is different today? Are there any new trends? Is the present crisis mainly economical (financial)? Can we rely on past experience on activating unemployed people?