2. SOILS

3. Great civilizations began because of farming... good soil and fresh water is needed for farming Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies are great examples

4. Egyptian civilization grew up around the fertile Nile River and its Delta The Sahara Desert, which has poor sandy soil, doesn’t have very many people living there because the people can’t grow things in the soil. 90% of Egypt’s population lives with 20 km of the Nile River or its delta.

5. Toronto is Canada's economic, political and cultural powerhouse, it started as a farming centre 51% of Canada's good farmland can be seen from the top of the CN tower; most of it is paved or built on

6. Where is soil? What is soil made of?

7. Soil Profile HUMUS Decaying leaves, needles, grasses, animals, lots of nutrients SUB SOIL Hard layer, more rocks and clay, fewer spaces for air and water, difficult for plant roots to grow PARENT MATERIAL Broken rocks and gravel TOPSOIL Spongy, rotted plants and animals, bacteria, earthworms

8. Soil is made up of four (4) main parts: MOMA ! 1. MINERALS: come from broken up rock, which is called parent material minerals provide nutrients to plants 2. ORGANIC MATERIAL: partly decomposed plants and animal material forms humus, which provides nutrients 3. AIR need air around roots of plants air holes are created by worms, insects, small animals 4. MOISTURE water dissolves nutrients (makes them like a liquid) so they can be taken up by plants helps to break down rock and decay organic material

9. http://schoolmediainteractive.com/view/object/clip/39AF264E18CC8C8B9159B485 83E95449 1.Click on ‘Interactives’ 2.Select ‘Making Soil Application’ 3.Complete the activity Activity #1 http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/esm05_pg113_soil/esm0 5_pg113_soil.html Activity #2

10. C horizon – parent material – broken pieces of rock and/or solid rock SOIL PROFILE: A cross section of soil from the surface to the bedrock. O – organic material – dying material (plants and animals) – things in the process of breaking down A horizon – topsoil – rich in organic materials; takes hundreds of years to produce; thin layer B horizon – sub-soil; mainly inorganic material (broken up rock) with some organic material

11. What does Humus look like? O Horizon : Organic Material

12. What does Topsoil look like? A Horizon

13. What does Subsoil look like? B Horizon

14. What does the Parent Material look like? C Horizon

15. Soil Horizons Quiz!

16. Question: Soil from rock or from organic material will form in layers that lie ____ to the surface of earth. Soil Horizons for 1

17. Answer: parallel Soil Horizons for 1

18. Question: The uppermost layer of soil is called the ____ horizon. Soil Horizons for 2

19. Answer: 0 Soil Horizons for 2

20. Question: The “A” horizon is generally _____ than the horizons below and may be from a few inches to several feet thick. Soil Horizons for 3

21. Answer: darker Soil Horizons for 3

22. Question: The bedrock upon which the other soil horizons rest is called the __ horizon. Soil Horizons for 4

23. Answer: “R” Soil Horizons for 4

24. Question: This layer is the material from which soil originated. Soil Horizons for 5

25. Answer: “C” Horizon Soil Horizons for 5

26. LEACHING where there is a lot of precipitation downward movement of water through soil dissolves nutrients and carries downward

27. In extreme cases so much is deposited that the soil becomes poisonous to plants CALCIFICATION in drier climates water drawn to surface by capillary action water evaporates Nutrients dissolved in soil water are carried to surface and deposited there as the water evaporates can lead to rich topsoil – full of nutrients

28. Soils in Canada

29. Soils in Ontario

30. Soil in P.E.I.