1. Abstract Research Methods I

2. How to Write an Abstract The abstract should be the last thing you write when writing a paper. The abstract page is Page 2. Center the word Abstract on the page. Begin typing the abstract on the very next double spaced line.

3. How to Write an Abstract Type the abstract as a single (double spaced) paragraph in block format (don’t indent). The abstract provides a brief and comprehensive summary of the paper/study.

4. How to Write an Abstract It should include the following sections (this is an example for a quantitative study): Introduction Methods Subjects/Participants (human, animal) Apparatus (furniture, pencils, stopwatches) Design (independent and dependent variables) Procedures (steps to execute the study) Results (report the statistics) Discussion (evaluate and interpret results)

5. How to Write an Abstract The abstract should be: Accurate – Regarding information in the paper. Self Contained – all information should be spelled out (no abbreviations). Concise – follow APA guidelines for length Specific – state only the most important concepts, findings and/or implications.

6. How to Write an Abstract The abstract details: Use digits for all numbers except when they begin a sentence. Avoid citing references in the abstract. Paraphrase rather than quoting. Use active voice rather than passive voice. Use past tense for procedures and present tense for results.