1. Good mornin’ Lot’s of things to pick up today: Quiz Scantron Quiz version that you took Lab Sheet Final Study Guide Dry Erase Board Marker 10 minutes to look over missed quiz questions & answer the Catalyst

2. pH Test Tube[H+] (mol/L)pH 10.01<4 20.001<4 30.00014 40.000015 50.0000016 How does the molarity of H+ change? How does the pH change? Why are the pH’s for test tubes 1 and 2 indicated as “<4”? What is an Arrhenius acid? What is an Arrhenius base? What is a Bronsted-Loewry acid? What is a Bronsted-Loewry base?

3. Example Brønsted Acids and Bases: Here, H 2 O acts as a Brønsted acid by donating a proton to NH 3 which acts as a Brønsted base. Conjugate base and conjugate acid? NH 3 + HOH  NH 4 + + OH -

4. pH pH is a scale used to reflect the concentration of H+ ions! Acids and bases are aqueous solutions Water can act as an acid and a base: HOH H + + OH - Why is water neutral? Acids dissociate and increase the number of protons (H+) in solution Bases dissociate and increase the number of hydroxide (OH-) in solution either directly (Arrhenius) or indirectly (Bronsted-Loewry)

5. Neutralization Reaction Remember that this is just an acid base reaction What would a product of a neutralization reaction be? Just like the stoichiometry you’ve been doing, in lab we can use this fact to calculate the molarity of solution whose concentration is unknown

6. Titration  Definition ◦ Analytical method in which a standard solution is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. standard solution unknown solution Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

7. Buret stopcock Erlenmeyer flask

8. Titration Vocabulary  Titrant ◦ The substance added to the analyte in a titration (a standard solution)  Analyte ◦ The substance being analyzed  Equivalence point ◦ The point in a titration at which the quantity of titrant is exactly sufficient for stoichiometric reaction with the analyte.

9. Acid-Base Titration Titrant Analyte If the concentration of the titrant is known, then the unknown concentration of the analyte can be determined.

10. Buret Reading

11. Why do chemists use titrations?? Quantitative analysis — used to determine the amounts or concentrations of substances present in a sample by using a combination of chemical reactions and stoichiometric calculations

12. Acidic, basic, or neutral??

13. The “perfect pink” for a titration with phenolphthalein

14. Indicator - changes color to indicate pH change Volume base added Example… phenolphthalein is colorless in acid and pink in basic solution pH Endpoint = 7 pink point at which exactly enough reactant has been added for the solution to be neutralized and no more

15. Equivalence point (endpoint) Point at which equal amounts of H 3 O + and OH - are present in solution. Determined by… indicator color change dramatic change in pH Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

16. Titration moles H 3 O + = moles OH - Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

17. White Board Review! Solubility Molarity Dilutions Solutions Stoichiometry Acid and Base

18. Problem #1 What mass of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 is required to make 1.25 L of a 0.250 M solution of NH 4 + ? Answer: 20.6 g (mm=132.14g/mol)

19. Problem #2 If 25 g of KCl is added to 50 g of water at 40°C, the solution would be: 1) Unsaturated 2) Saturated 3) Supersaturated

20. Problem #3 Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 4.1 g of solid KBr in enough water to make 1.10 L of solution Answer: 0.031 M (mm=119.02 g/mol)

21. Problem #4 One way to determine the amount of chloride ion in a a water sample is to titrate the sample of standard AgNO 3 solution to produce solid AgCl. Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq)  AgCl(s) If a 25.0 mL water sample requires 27.2 mL of 0.104 M AgNO 3 in such a titration, what is the concentration of Cl - in the sample? Answer: 0.113 M

22. Problem #5 What volume of of a a 5.00M Ca(NO 3 ) 2 solution is needed to prepare 465 mL of a 0.250 M Ca(NO 3 ) 2 solution? Answer: 23.3 mL

23. Problem #6 Calculate the mass of sodium iodide that must be added to 425.0 mL of a 0.100 M lead (II) nitrate solution to precipitate all of the lead (II) ions as lead (II) iodide. Answer: 12.7 g NaI