1. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Common Ion Effect MgCO 3 has a K sp = 2.6 x10 −5 in water. What is its solubility in pure water? s = 5.1 x10 −3 M What is its solubility in a 0.30 M MgCl 2 aqueous solution? s = 8.6642 x10 −5 M (quad. eq.) s = 8.6667 x10 −5 M (approx.)

2. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Common Ion Effect: Not so Common MgCO 3 has a K sp = 2.6 x10 −5. What is its solubility in a 0.30 M NaCl solution? MgCO 3 has a K sp = 2.6 x10 −5. What is its solubility in a 0.30 M MgCl 2 solution?

3. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Chapt. 14 Chemical Equilibrium Sec. 7 Will a Precipitate Form?

4. Will a Precipitate Form? 25.00 mL of 0.050 M Na 2 CO 3 and 25.00 mL of 0.0020 M Ca(NO 3 ) 2 are mixed. Will a precipitate form? ­Identify the most likely precipitate (Table 4.1) ­Find initial concentrations ­ Q vs K sp

5. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Chapt. 15 Acids and Bases Sec. 1 Definitions

6. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Acid (A):proton donor Base (B):proton acceptor AH + B  A − + BH + proton transfer H+H+H+H+

7. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Arrhenius vs Bronsted-Lowry Arrhenius ­Acid:Source of H + in water ­Base:Source of OH − in waterBronsted-Lowry ­Acid:Donates H + from a base ­Base:Accepts H + from an acid Lewis ­Sec. 15.9 (skip)

8. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB +

9. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB +

10. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB +

11. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB +

12. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + H 3 O + H 3 O + + B  H 2 O + HB +

13. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + H 3 O + H 3 O + + B  H 2 O + HB + H 2 O H 2 O + B  OH - + HB +

14. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + H 3 O + H 3 O + + B  H 2 O + HB + H 2 O H 2 O + B  OH - + HB + Bases (proton acceptor) NH 3 NH 3 + AH  NH 4 + + A -

15. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + H 3 O + H 3 O + + B  H 2 O + HB + H 2 O H 2 O + B  OH - + HB + Bases (proton acceptor) NH 3 NH 3 + AH  NH 4 + + A - OH - OH - + AH  H 2 O + A -

16. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + H 3 O + H 3 O + + B  H 2 O + HB + H 2 O H 2 O + B  OH - + HB + Bases (proton acceptor) NH 3 NH 3 + AH  NH 4 + + A - H 2 O H 2 O + AH  H 3 O + + A - OH - OH - + AH  H 2 O + A -

17. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + H 3 O + H 3 O + + B  H 2 O + HB + H 2 O H 2 O + B  OH - + HB + Bases (proton acceptor) Cl - Cl - + AH  HCl + A - NH 3 NH 3 + AH  NH 4 + + A - H 2 O H 2 O + AH  H 3 O + + A - OH - OH - + AH  H 2 O + A -

18. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + H 3 O + H 3 O + + B  H 2 O + HB + H 2 O H 2 O + B  OH - + HB + Bases (proton acceptor) Cl- Cl - + AH  HCl + A - NH 3 NH 3 + AH  NH 4 + + A - SO 4 2- SO 4 2- + AH  HSO 4 - + A - H 2 O H 2 O + AH  H 3 O + + A - OH - OH - + AH  H 2 O + A -

19. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Acids (proton donors) HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + H 3 O + H 3 O + + B  H 2 O + HB + H 2 O H 2 O + B  OH - + HB + Bases (proton acceptor) Cl- Cl - + AH  HCl + A - NH 3 NH 3 + AH  NH 4 + + A - HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + AH  H 2 SO 4 + A - SO 4 2- SO 4 2- + AH  HSO 4 - + A - H 2 O H 2 O + AH  H 3 O + + A - OH - OH - + AH  H 2 O + A -

20. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs AH + B  A - + HB + acidbase conj. base conj. acid

21. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Conjugate Acid HCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + H 3 O + H 3 O + + B  H 2 O + HB + H 2 O H 2 O + B  OH - + HB + – Base Pairs Cl- Cl - + AH  HCl + A - NH 3 NH 3 + AH  NH 4 + + A - HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + AH  H 2 SO 4 + A - SO 4 2- SO 4 2- + AH  HSO 4 - + A - H 2 O H 2 O + AH  H 3 O + + A - OH - OH - + AH  H 2 O + A -

22. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees HCN + H 2 O  CN − + H 3 O + Example: Identify Acids and Bases

23. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees HCN + H 2 O  CN − + H 3 O + HCN is the acid H 2 O is the base Example: Identify Acids and Bases

24. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees HCN + H 2 O  CN − + H 3 O + CN - is its conjugate base H 3 O + is its conjugate acid HCN is the acidCN - is its conjugate base H 2 O is the baseH 3 O + is its conjugate acid Example: Identify Acids and Bases

25. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees HCN + H 2 O  CN − + H 3 O + HCN is the acidCN - is its conjugate base H 2 O is the baseH 3 O + is its conjugate acid CH 3 COO - + H 2 O  CH 3 COOH + OH − Example: Identify Acids and Bases

26. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees HCN + H 2 O  CN − + H 3 O + HCN is the acidCN - is its conjugate base H 2 O is the baseH 3 O + is its conjugate acid CH 3 COO - + H 2 O  CH 3 COOH + OH − CH 3 COO − is the base H 2 O is the acid Example: Identify Acids and Bases

27. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees HCN + H 2 O  CN − + H 3 O + HCN is the acidCN - is its conjugate base H 2 O is the baseH 3 O + is its conjugate acid CH 3 COO − + H 2 O  CH 3 COOH + OH − CH 3 COOH is its conjugate acid CH 3 COO − is the base CH 3 COOH is its conjugate acid OH − is its conjugate base H 2 O is the acidOH − is its conjugate base Example: Identify Acids and Bases

28. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees HNO 2 + H 2 O  NO 2 - + H 3 O + CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O  CH 3 NH 3 + + OH - Students: Identify Acids and Bases

29. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees HNO 2 + H 2 O  NO 2 - + H 3 O + HNO 2 is the acidNO 2 - is its conjugate base H 2 O is the baseH 3 O + is its conjugate acid CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O  CH 3 NH 3 + + OH - Students: Identify Acids and Bases

30. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees HNO 2 + H 2 O  NO 2 - + H 3 O + HNO 2 is the acidNO 2 - is its conjugate base H 2 O is the baseH 3 O + is its conjugate acid CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O  CH 3 NH 3 + + OH - CH 3 NH 2 is the base CH 3 NH 3 + is its conjugate acid H 2 O is the acidOH - is its conjugate base Students: Identify Acids and Bases

31. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees H 2 OH 3 O + HNO 2 + H 2 O  NO 2 - + H 3 O + H 2 O is the base HNO 2 is the acidNO 2 - is its conjugate base H 2 O is the baseH 3 O + is its conjugate acid H 2 O OH - CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O  CH 3 NH 3 + + OH - CH 3 NH 2 is the base CH 3 NH 3 + is its conjugate acid H 2 O is the acid H 2 O is the acidOH - is its conjugate base Students: Identify Acids and Bases

32. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees AmphotericHCl HCl + B  Cl - +HB + NH 4 + NH 4 + + B  NH 3 + HB + H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 + B  HSO 4 - + HB + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + H 3 O + H 3 O + + B  H 2 O + HB + H 2 O H 2 O + B  OH - + HB +CompoundsCl- Cl - + AH  HCl + A - NH 3 NH 3 + AH  NH 4 + + A - HSO 4 - HSO 4 - + AH  H 2 SO 4 + A - SO 4 2- SO 4 2- + AH  HSO 4 - + A - H 2 O H 2 O + AH  H 3 O + + A - OH - OH - + AH  H 2 O + A -

33. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Amphoteric = Acts as both acid and base HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + HSO 4 - + HA  H 2 SO 4 + A -

34. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Amphoteric = Acts as both acid and base HSO 4 - + B  SO 4 2- + HB + HSO 4 - + HA  H 2 SO 4 + A - H 2 PO 3 - + B  HPO 3 2- + HB + H 2 PO 3 - + HA  H 3 PO 3 + A -

35. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Definitions Proton Acid Base Conjugate AcidConjugate Base Amphoteric

36. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Chapt. 15 Acids and Bases Sec. 2 Water

37. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees Autoionization of Water (Amphoteric) base H+H+H+H+ acid H 2 O (l) + H 2 O (l) K w = [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] = 1.0 x10 -14 (at 24  C)  H 3 O + (aq) + OH - (aq)

38. © University of South Carolina Board of Trustees p X Notation [OH - ] = 10 -pOH X = 10 -p X p X = - log 10 X pH = - log [H 3 O + ][H 3 O + ] = 10 -pH pOH = - log [OH - ] p K w = - log K w K w = 10 -p K w