1. Army Reserve Center Newport, Rhode Island Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option

2. General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions Presentation Outline

3. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Location: Newport, Rhode Island Size: 59,000 square feet Levels: 2 levels Cost: $17 million Construction Time: January 2009 – September 2011 Delivery Method: Design-Bid-Build General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

4. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline General Building Information 1 st Floor2 nd Floor General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

5. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Existing Mechanical Systems Waterside To cool the building: -2 air-cooled rotary screw packaged water chillers -40 and 52 tons To heat the building: -2 natural gas boilers -each 960 MBH Controls - Direct Digital Control (DDC) by Johnson Controls Airside - 1 constant volume air handling unit (AHU) - 2100 CFM - 2 variable air volume air handling units - 3700 CFM and 13200 CFM - Unit ventilators - 8 total between 400 and 1600 CFM General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

6. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Existing Mechanical Systems 1 st Floor2 nd Floor AHU-1 General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

7. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Existing Mechanical Systems 1 st Floor2 nd Floor AHU-1 AHU-2 General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

8. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Existing Mechanical Systems 1 st Floor2 nd Floor AHU-1 AHU-2 AHU-3 General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

9. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Existing Mechanical Systems 1 st Floor2 nd Floor AHU-1 AHU-2 AHU-3 UV General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

10. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Existing Mechanical Systems 1 st Floor2 nd Floor AHU-1 AHU-2 AHU-3 UV UH AND DSS General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

11. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Existing Mechanical Systems Total Energy Use : 1, 227 mmBtu / yr Cost of Energy Use: $27, 384 / year First Cost: $301,410 LEED: 36 – 42 Points = Silver or Gold General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

12. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Design Objectives -Reduce Aspect Ratios of Ducts -Reduce Total Cost of Ductwork -Reduce Energy Required for Supply Fans -Reduce Total Energy Consumption -Maintain Current LEED Silver or Gold Rating or Improve Upon General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

13. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Variable Refrigerant Flow System -Condenser (rooftop) connected to multiple indoor evaporators -DOAS to handle outside air and latent load requirements -VRF to handle remaining sensible load Summary General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

14. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline -Simultaneous heating and cooling – allows for Heat Recovery -Max COP of 5.68 compared to 2.90 for chiller -Rooftop Condensing Units lead to saved mechanical space (replace boilers) -Pipes take up less space than ductwork -Leads to reduced building height / cost in some cases Variable Refrigerant Flow System Benefits General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

15. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Variable Refrigerant Flow System Total Energy Use : 1018 mmBtu / yr Cost of Energy Use: $27, 784 / year First Cost: $283,105 LEED: 43 – 49 Points = Gold General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

16. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Ground Couple Heat Pump Summary -Uses Earth as a heat source / sink -Send fluid through pipes in ground to heat or cool fluid -Takes advantage of 50 – 60 °F constant ground temperature -Heat exchanger to bring heat into / out of system Benefits -DOAS to handle latent loads and outside air -Boilers to meet heating when GCHP is not enough -Less ductwork -Save energy General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

17. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Ground Couple Heat Pump Types Vertical -Pipes are placed downward into ground -Two small diameter tubes / borehole -Boreholes 50 feet to 600 feet deep -Boreholes 20 feet apart to prevent thermal interference Horizontal -Pipes are placed about 4 feet deep -Single or multiple pipe / trench -If multiple, further distance because of thermal interference Vertical Horizontal General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

18. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Vertical Ground Couple Heat Pump Advantages -Smaller amount of land required -More constant thermal properties of soil -More efficient than horizontal GCHP -Smallest amount of pumping / piping energy Disadvantages -Cost -Difficult to find experienced contractors General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

19. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Vertical Ground Couple Heat Pump Vertical GCHP Pipe Length Required -Method of Ingersoll and Zobel -Based on heat transfer from cylinder buried in earth For Cooling: For Heating: Variables are determined based on: -Loads for the Building -Average Heat Transfer to the Ground -Thermal Resistance of the Ground and Pipe -Ground Temperature -Proximity of Adjacent Bores -Liquid Temperature at Heat Pump Inlet / Outlet -Power Input at Design Cooling / Heating Loads General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

20. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Vertical Ground Couple Heat Pump Vertical GCHP Pipe Length Required Using Equation Above: Total Length for Cooling: 15,424 feet Total Length for Heating: 23,048 feet Use the greater of two values: 23,048 feet 3 Boreholes / Loop 600 Feet Deep 20 Feet between Borehole General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

21. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Total Energy Use : 878 mmBtu / yr Cost of Energy Use: $23, 733 / year First Cost: $502, 086 LEED: 46 – 52 Points = Gold to Platinum Vertical Ground Couple Heat Pump General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

22. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline System Comparison -GCHP uses least energy and has least cost of energy -Simple payback of 54 years – unfeasible -VRF is the best choice overall -Save mechanical space -Uses less energy than existing VAV -Lowest first cost General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

23. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline System Comparison Factors Effecting Cost -Extra maintenance cost not included with VRF -$40,000 / year (at least) if extra personnel required -One time cost if training required -Extra cost of controls for VRF -Boilers oversized for existing VAV -Sized at 66% of total capacity (each) -If changed, total cost would be $292,193 -Prices for VRF determined by Daiken VRV Specs -Converted from euros to dollars -Used RS Means for installation costs -May be slightly higher due to less familiar system -May be more expensive to purchase units in U.S. General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

24. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline System Comparison -Natural gas ranges from $ 4.00 / mmBtu to $12.00 / mmBtu -Currently $4.00 / mmBtu -Cost of VRF energy use is more expensive even though it uses less energy because it uses all electricity -Electricity is expensive relative to natural gas -12.7% electricity in region is generated by natural gas General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

25. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline System Comparison If natural gas doubles…. - electricity goes up 12.7% - natural gas goes up 100% If natural gas triples…. - electricity goes up 27.0% - natural gas goes up 200% General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions - VRF uses $464 / year less than VAV - VRF uses $1,306 / year less than VAV

26. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline System Comparison Aspect Ratio Problem -The Aspect Ratio of the ducts will still be high on the first floor -Greatly reduced on second floor AHU-1 AHU-2 AHU-3 UV UH AND DSS General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System ground couple heat pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

27. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline System Comparison Achieving Design Objectives? -Aspect Ratio -Improved on second floor -The same on first floor but not worse -LEED -VRF will achieve LEED Gold -GCHP will achieve LEED Gold or Platinum -Energy Improvement -VRF will use 83% of existing VAV -GCHP will use72% of existing VAV General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System ground couple heat pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

28. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Structural Breadth -With VRF System, will need to place condensing VRV units on the roof changing the structural requirements -Mass of each unit according to specifications: General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

29. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Structural Breadth -Addition of VRV units leads to dead load of 11psf as shown below: -Total load 61 psf when 20 psf live load and 30 psf snow load are included General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

30. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Structural Breadth -Thus, need to use the following to support additional load: -Vulcraft 1.5B20 roof deck -28K8 joists -W10x54 girders General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

31. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Acoustical Breadth -Daikin VRV Units will be placed as shown on right -Space below units is office space -Max noise level of 40 – 45 dBA in office space -Max noise level on roof will occur at point X or next to VRV - 3 or VRV - 4 General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

32. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Acoustical Breadth - Decibels produced by each unit shown in table below: I 1 / I 2 = (d 2 / d 1 ) 2 I 1 = intensity at point 1d 1 = distance from source to intensity 1 I 2 = intensity at point 2d 2 = distance from source to intensity 2 Use following equation to determine sound intensity from each VRV Unit at point X: General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

33. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline Acoustical Breadth -Decibel addition (as shown below) allows dB to be added to find sound at point X -Sound at X is 53 dB -Less than sound at VRV – 3 and VRV – 4 (both at 61 dBA) -Transmission loss through roof is 35 dBA -Thus, total sound from VRV Units is 26 dBA which is below 40-45 dBA and will not be a problem in the office General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions

34. Alexander Hosko Mechanical Option Spring 2011 Presentation Outline General Building Information Existing Mechanical Systems Design Objectives Variable Refrigerant Flow System Ground Couple Heat Pump System System Comparison Structural Breadth Acoustical Breadth Questions Questions? -The Pennsylvania State University Architectural Engineer Faculty and Staff -Thesis Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado -Michael Baker Corporation: Specifically Duncan Penney and Doug Barker -U.S. Army Corps of Engineers -Family and Friends for their support