2. MMPI (Minnesota MultiPhasic Inventory) Hypochondriasis (Hs) - neurotic concern over bodily functioning Depression (D) - symptomatic depression. Hysteria (Hy) - hysterical reactions to stress situations Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) - psychopathy, asocial, amoral Masculinity-Femininity (Mf) - originally developed to identify homosexual invert males, now those who reject traditional gender roles. Paranoia (Pa) - paranoid symptoms Psychasthenia (Pt) - excessive doubts, compulsions, obsessions, and unreasonable fears (OCD). Schizophrenia (Sc) - identify schizophrenia Hypomania (Ma) - hypomanic disturbances Social Introversion (Si) - person's tendency to withdraw from social contacts and responsibilities.

3. MMPI – Derived Empirically Developers used every personality question they could find 1. Tested on various clinical groups (depressive, schizophrenics, etc.) 2. Large pool of questions 3. Kept only those questions that discriminated between groups

5. MMPI (Minnesota MultiPhasic Inventory) Validity Scales: "Cannot Say" scale – 30+ omitted items invalidates test L Scale – Lie scale - not willing to admit even minor shortcomings. F Scale - detect atypical ways of responding to test items. K Scale – detect subtle attempts at denying psychopathology or, conversely, at exaggerating psychopathology; overall defensiveness

8. Database Comparisons: Age effects

9. EEG age effects by hemisphere

10. Dominant (“alpha”) rhythm Normal EEG pre-school to Adolescence Occipital rhythm 3-4 Hz activity at 3-4 months of age –responds to stimulation at 5-6 mo. At 6 mo, typically 5-6 Hz At 1 year, 6-7 Hz. Frequency range increases as child ages. Typical 10y old averages about 10 Hz.

11. Dominant frequencies during infancy

12. Othmer clinic data

13. Normal Child has theta rhythm, maximal in posterior sites

14. Normal Adult has 8-12 Hz rhythm, maximal in posterior sites

16. Posterior sites

17. Neurometic Analysis (Comparing someone to a QEEG Database to identify statistical abnormality, commonly > 2 Std deviations, plus or minus) Baseline conditions –Eyes closed –Eyes open –Motor control –Stimulus control Task conditions or challenge conditions –Problem solving –Performance

19. Eyes closed replications support macrostate concept (however…)

20. Correct for state transitions Stabilize state before recording, and include stabilization in database! Look at the data More is better (Some db use 30 s only)

21. Client comparison requires similar recording methodology

22. Criticisms of Neurometrics Color maps are deceptive 1 Too many statistical tests (inflating Type I errors) Some normals appear abnormal to controls Overly sensitive to artifact More removed from the data, the more errors that can creep in –E.g., unreliable discriminant functions Methodology differences between client and database recordings Artifact management differences Normative database not representative 2 Differences in basic parameters (power/magn), coherence calculation Not ready for prime time …if misused!

23. Brain maps can be deceptive ….. Some activation needed at left medial temporal site or right occipitoparietal juncture?

24. But they are convincing, concise, and accessible to laypersons

25. 5 Neurometric databases in common use for Neurotherapy “My kid acting like an astronaut” story

26. Deciphering Neural coding We transform from time to frequency because we believe mental or psychophysiological phenomena are best captured by latter domain

27. Brainwave frequencies and tentative mental correspondences 1 0.5 – 4 Hz DELTASleep 4-7 Hz THETAInward focus, distracted, daydream 8-12 Hz ALPHARelaxed, not actively processing 12-15 Hz SMRRelaxed, external attention (low beta) 15-18 Hz BETA Active external attention 19-35 Hz HIGH High correlation with anxiety, BETAintensity, or lots of muscle tension.

28. Alpha = activation or arousal

29. Activation is inversely proportional to alpha activity incidence To some extent, regardless of topography

30. 10-10 International System of Electrode Placement

31. Preferential site activation depends on the condition Moving joystick ^ Watching movie 

32. Topographic Activation Patterns

33. Laterality differences “Everyone is a left-brainers until films make them integrationalists”

34. Gender differences

35. Cerebral Organization Variation (and obstacles to neurometric assessment) Trait and State variables –TRAIT Gender Handedness Age Education Experience Neurological present/history Bilingual Diagnosis! –STATE Task competence –practice Task strategies Time of Day Drugs Sleep debt

36. Be aware of the plasticity spectrum – people change

37. Inclusion/Exclusion criteria for normals

39. Jared’s spindles

41. Measurement parameters Relative vs Absolute –Power/magnitude Connectivity or linear dependency –Asymmetry –Coherence, comodulation

42. Synchrony measures between two signals

43. Coherence Database

45. MVA or Youthful

46. LORETA Low resolution EEG tomographical array (source imaging of maximal smoothness)