1. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 1 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mapping Tools and methods to get started using GIS geologic mapping Prepared for a NASA PGM 1 day workshop USGS Astrogeology

2. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers2 Introduction  Goals –Orient planetary mappers to the GIS functions and utility –Define format for future workshops –Ultimately, assist in map submission, review, and production  Format –Workshop introduction –Arc environment (“Just get me started…”) –Global datasets –Map projections (over lunch) –Introduction to digitizing tools and techniques –Polygon construction –Follow-up (time permitting)

3. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers3 Some important notes  USGS Astrogeology primarily uses only one “brand” of GIS (ESRI’s ArcMap, levels)  Other brands exist, both free and commercial  “Free” –Quantum GIS (qgis.org/) –UDIG (udig.refractions.net/confluence/display/UDIG/Home) –Open EV (openev.sourceforge.net/) –JUMP (jump-project.org/) –GRASS (grass.itc.it/)  Commercial –TNTmips (www.microimages.com/) –ER Mapper (www.ermapper.com) –PCI GeoMatica (www.pcigeomatics.com) –Global Mapper (www.globalmapper.com) –Integraph (www.intergraph.com)

4. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers4 Some important notes (cont’d)  Though this presentation is geared toward geologic mappers, the information is relevant to all GIS users  Screen-shots are likely to differ from individual views  GIS skills are developed through software interaction … be patient and try new things!  Tip icon will point out helpful hints throughout the presentation

5. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers5 GIS Support  ESRI online portal to technical information –http://support.esri.com  ESRI ArcScripts –http://arcscripts.esri.com/  ESRI Educational Services –Instructor-led training –Virtual Campus courses –Web workshops  Books

6. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers6 GIS Support Nodes  Planet-specific information (e.g., data, discussion, tutorials) –http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/  USGS discussion board (login required) –http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/ … navigate to “Support”  “Planetary GIS Discussions” “Plugging keywords into a internet search engine is a great way to search for GIS-related assistance!”

7. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers7 Transition 

8. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers8 Arc Environment “Just get me started…”  Introduce ArcMap & ArcCatalog interfaces  Create a FILE Geodatabase (GDB)  Add attributes (domains)  Build a feature dataset and add three features (contacts, structures, units)  Import map bases (raster data)  Edit the features by adding lines and points (vector data)

9. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers9 GIS - “The horror…the horror….”  Organization!!  Multi-layer display  Digitize and edit on-the-fly  “Easily” generate layouts/figures (Adobe Illustrator compatible)  Raster and vector analysis –Crater counts –Spectral statistics for mapped units –Endless possibilities  Editing –Set rules for validating data –Easily edit/modify existing linework

10. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers10 ArcCatalog – your friend  Separate entity from ArcMap  Interface is similar to WindowsExplorer –Create new file –Add/Delete folders or files (if unlocked) –Good operating environment for ArcToolbox –Almost always running in background –ArcMap is opened and closed routinely

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13. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers13 “Geodatabase” ?  ESRI FILE Geodatabase  Contains diverse spatial information –Vector, raster, tables –Topology, toolboxes, domains  Easily transferable to colleagues  Easily organized and managed  Stable

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16. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers16 Geodatabase – General Info Tab

17. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers17 Geodatabase – Domains Info Tab “There is a difference between an attribute domain (described above) and a spatial domain (described later). Use the Arc Help search to see if you can distinguish this important difference”

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22. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers22 Generate Feature Dataset  Geodatabase set  Domains set –Contacts –Structure –Temporary unit names  Next…Create a group of affiliated spatial information…a dataset of features (Polygons, lines, points)

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25. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers25 Domains  There is a critical difference between attribute domains and spatial domains –Attribute domains are characteristics of a GDB that are applied directly to features –Spatial domains are characteristics of Feature Datasets that control (1) the spatial extent that the user can operate in and (2) the precision of the user’s data

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28. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers28 Add “TYPE” Specify “Text” (vs. number, etc.) Specify DOMAIN Specify Geometry

29. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers29 Three feature classes using three specified attribute domains

30. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers30 Open existing ArcMap project  Good to have multiple projects (~backups)  Easily transferable to colleagues with GDB  Organizational preferences abound  Start ArcMap  Select: –New empty map –A template –An existing map

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32. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers32 Transition   Pre-loaded GIS –Add and move data –View properties –Attributes –Domains –Raster/vector –Menus

33. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers33 Transition   Projections

34. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers34 Map projections  Define the spatial relationship between locations on earth and their relative locations on a flat map  Are mathematical expressions  Cause the distortion of one or more map properties (scale, distance, direction, shape)

35. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers35  Conformal – local shapes are preserved  Equal-Area – areas are preserved  Equidistant – distance from a single location to all other locations are preserved  Azimuthal – directions from a single location to all other locations are preserved Classification of map projections

36. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers36 Classification of map projections  Another classification system –By the geometric surface that the sphere is projected on  Planar  Cylindrical  Conic

37. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers37 Planar surface Earth intersects the plane on a small circle. All points on circle have no scale distortion.

38. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers38 Classifications of Map Projections Cylindrical surface Earth intersects the cylinder on two small circles. All points along both circles have no scale distortion.

39. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers39 Classifications of Map Projections Conic surface Earth intersects the cone at two circles. all points along both circles have no scale distortion.

40. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers40 Planetary Projections  The following slides cover: –Standard planetary projections –Geographic vs. Geocentric Issues –Positive East vs. Positive West –Setting planetary bodies in ArcMap –Defining a projection using the planetary body –Projecting vector datasets –Projecting raster datasets

41. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers41 Standard projections  Standard projections in planetary –Simple Cylindrical (Equidistance Cylindrical, Equirectangular)  rectangular global (decimal degrees or meters), simple “database” projection. –Sinusoidal  Used for global and many tiled data releases, equal area projection. –Mercator  Conformal, only use for equatorial areas, used in the Mars 1:5M series. –Transverse Mercator  Good for local areas “large” scale maps. A Small scale map shows more land area, but with smaller representations and, therefore, lesser detail.

42. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers42 Standard projections – cont’d  Standard projections in planetary –Polar Stereographic  Good for polar, error increases away from central latitude (usually 90 or -90). Scale should be based on polar radius, can use polar radius. –Lambert Conformal  Good for mid latitudes. Error increases away from both standard parallels. –Orthographic  Globe view, not good for mapping as the limb falls away, makes for pretty figures but you need 3 globes to portray an entire planet. ISIS uses a spherical equation –Mollweide  Coming of age projection, global

43. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers43 Standard projections – cont’d  Other projections in planetary –Lambert Azmuithal  Good for mid latitude and polar, equal area, VICAR/HRSC team uses it for polar areas. –Robinson  Good for figures (similar to Mollweide)

44. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers44 Geographic – Geocentric Issues  Planetographic vs Planetocentric - issues –Mars is the only problem –Most commercial commonly don’t use ocentric - ArcMap does –Work around … use sphere definition for Mars. –For commercial applications, don’t use elliptical definitions and ocentric latitudes. Using elliptical and ographic is okay. The one caveat is Polar Stereographic.

45. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers45 East-West Longitude  Positive East vs. Positive West –Not much to say because commercial GIS/RS systems use positive East. You should always save your files using positive East. –To use West, you either fake out the system (by using your own code) or you switch software. It is just a shift, so no errors are incurred. –Luckily, if you are working in meters there is no East/West system, only Cartesian.

46. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers46  Use toolbox or ArcCatalog to set datasets projection –Toolbox: –ArcCatalog (data properties) –For many files, under toolbox samples there is a batch define projection Setting Projections in Arc

47. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers47 Setting Projections in Arc  Setting planetary bodies in ArcMap –Example for decimal degree (lat/lon) ArcMap dataframe or for most vector datasets on the data DVD.  (“Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\Mars 2000.prj”)  Select this body definition from the Geographic, Solar System folder shown on the right.

48. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers48 –Example for the ArcMap dataframe or for MOLA and most raster datasets on the data DVD. –To define a new projection click on New, “Projected” Setting Projections in Arc

49. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers49  Mars Polar projection –Note the “D_Mars_2000_Sphere_Polar ” definition. Setting Projections in Arc

50. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers50  Projecting datasets using toolbox Projecting vector Projecting vector Projecting raster datasets Setting Projections in Arc

51. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers51 Transition   Editing

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53. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers53 Set Projection in ArcMap Data Frame  Right-click “Layers”  Properties  Select appropriate geographic or projected data frame  If feature data is already added, ArcMap may set automatically (Beware)

54. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers54 Add Features to ArcMap  Drag and drop from ArcCatalog <or>  Use from toolbar and navigate to GDB  Select single or multiple: –Features –Rasters (images or girds) –Shapefiles

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56. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers56 Add Raster Information  Good to organize pertinent project raster data  Raster data is added similarly to Feature Classes  Raster may be Tiff, GeoTiff, Jpg, GeoJpg, ERDAS IMG, GRD, etc…..  Raster may exist in GDB if collectively GDB <4GB. –Strengths and weaknesses to raster info in GDB

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58. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers58 Editing Feature Classes in ArcEditor  Ensure that ArcEditor is functional: –Right-click empty ToolBar and select “Editor” <or> –Tools  Customize  Editor (check)  Dock ArcEditor ToolBar onto ArcMap project “You can grab any toolbar using its handle along the left side (see arrow) and move it where you want. Customize your Arc project!!”

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60. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers60 Start Editing  Under Editor, select “Start Editing” from drop-down menu  Identify the layer you want to edit with the “TARGET” drop-down menu “If you have feature in your project that reside in several different locations on your hard drive, you may have to navigate to that location in the TARGET drop-down menu.”

61. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers61 Select “Start Editing”

62. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers62 Click, click, click… Streaming (F8)…

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64. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers64 Select all/some Attribute simultaneously

65. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers65 Digitize, digitize, digitize…  Tricks: –Editor  Snapping  Will allow linework to snap to ends or vertices –Hit F8 for streaming…hit F8 again for single click –F2 Finishes a sketch –You can pan while digitizing (not streaming) –Attribute while you digitize  Use domains  Use hand-entered

66. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers66 SHOW SNAPPING

67. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers67 Changing Legend Character  Allows personalized use of legend attributes –Contacts = solid lines –Approximate = dashed –Etc…  Can save out a layer file (*.lyr) for use in other projects.

68. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers68 Double-click feature in Data Frame to bring up Layer Properties

69. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers69 Symbology  Categories  Add All Values

70. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers70 Re-order Symbols Double-click Symbol To change line weight, etc…

71. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers71 Change Editing Target to Units (vector points)

72. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers72 Digitize and attribute each mapped unit.

73. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers73 Attributed Units and Contacts

74. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers74 Summary  ArcCatalog utility vs. ArcMap utility  Opening a new ArcMap project  Building a new geodatabase  Creating feature datasets and feature classes  Adding Domains for attribution  Importing images and grids

75. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers75 Summary, cont’d  Adding and starting ArcEditor  Digitizing – click-click and streaming (F8)  Attributing digitized information using domains  Attributing digitized information using hand- entered data  Creating custom legends

76. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers76 Transition   Hands-on  Then, Polygons

77. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 77 Polygon Creation  Multiple methods  Draw contacts and convert to unit polygons  Draw unit polygons and extract contacts

78. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 78 Polygon Creation  Contacts to units  Start editing line features  Setup snapping environment  Draw  Edit nodes  Stop editing  Arc/Info license: Build polygons from ArcToolbox  ArcView license: free 3rd party software to build  Tools for Graphics and Shapes  http://www.jennessent.com/arcgis/arcgis_extensions.htm  Demonstration

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80. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 80 Polygon Creation  Drawing Polygons  Start by using Create New Feature  ****New polygons cannot overlap, overlay, abut or touch another polygon in the same layer in anyway****  Autocomplete  Use when adding adjacent or internal polygons  Start inside an existing polygon  Draw the polygon around the feature of interest  End the polygon inside an existing polygon  Demonstration

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83. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 83 Polygon Editing  Editing existing polygons –Cut Polygons  Select the polygon to edit  Start line outside of selected polygon  Draw the line along contact  End outside of selected polygon  See also Advanced Topology Editing  Demonstration

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85. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 85 Polygon Editing  Editing existing polygons layers  Append Multiple Layers  Demonstration

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89. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 89 Polygon Editing  Extract contacts from polygon file –Use Features to lines tool to create contacts

90. June 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers90 Questions?