1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 3.38 – 3.54 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

2. Protein Synthesis Slide 3.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein  Proteins have many functions  Building materials for cells  Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)  RNA is essential for protein synthesis

3. Role of RNA Slide 3.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built  Messanger RN  Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

4. Transcription and Translation Slide 3.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transcription  Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA  Translation  Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence  Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

5. Protein Synthesis Slide 3.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.15

6. Body Tissues Slide 3.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells are specialized for particular functions  Tissues  Groups of cells with similar structure and function  Four primary types  Epithelium  Connective tissue  Nervous tissue  Muscle

7. Epithelial Tissues Slide 3.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Found in different areas  Body coverings  Body linings  Glandular tissue  Functions  Protection  Absorption  Filtration  Secretion

8. Epithelium Characteristics Slide 3.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells fit closely together  Tissue layer always has one free surface  The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane  Avascular (have no blood supply)  Regenerate easily if well nourished

9. Classification of Epithelium Slide 3.44a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Number of cell layers  Simple – one layer  Stratified – more than one layer Figure 3.16a

10. Classification of Epithelium Slide 3.44b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Shape of cells  Squamous – flattened  Cuboidal – cube-shaped  Columnar – column-like Figure 3.16b

11. Simple Epithelium Slide 3.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Simple squamous  Single layer of flat cells  Usually forms membranes  Lines body cavities  Lines lungs and capillaries Figure 3.17a

12. Simple Epithelium Slide 3.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Simple cuboidal  Single layer of cube-like cells  Common in glands and their ducts  Forms walls of kidney tubules  Covers the ovaries Figure 3.17b

13. Simple Epithelium Slide 3.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Simple columnar  Single layer of tall cells  Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus  Lines digestive tract Figure 3.17c

14. Simple Epithelium Slide 3.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pseudostratified  Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others  Often looks like a double cell layer  Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract  May function in absorption or secretion Figure 3.17d

15. Stratified Epithelium Slide 3.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Stratified squamous  Cells at the free edge are flattened  Found as a protective covering where friction is common  Locations  Skin  Mouth  Esophagus Figure 3.17e

16. Stratified Epithelium Slide 3.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Stratified cuboidal  Two layers of cuboidal cells  Stratified columnar  Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape  Stratified cuboidal and columnar  Rare in human body  Found mainly in ducts of large glands

17. Stratified Epithelium Slide 3.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transitional epithelium  Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching  Lines organs of the urinary system Figure 3.17f

18. Glandular Epithelium Slide 3.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product  Two major gland types  Endocrine gland  Ductless  Secretions are hormones  Exocrine gland  Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface  Include sweat and oil glands

19. Connective Tissue Slide 3.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Found everywhere in the body  Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues  Functions  Binds body tissues together  Supports the body  Provides protection

20. Connective Tissue Characteristics Slide 3.54 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have poor blood supply or are avascular  Extracellular matrix  Non-living material that surrounds living cells