1. Dark Energy, Cosmological CPT Violation and Baryo/Leptogenesis Xinmin Zhang Institute of high energy physics 1) Brief review on the dark energy study; 2) Interacting dark energy and cosmological CPT violation: 3) Baryo/Leptogenesis and CMB polarization 4) Quintessino dark matter Outline Lorentz and CPT violation: Theory: models and speculations; Evidence: none in particle physics experiments cosmology, expanding universe no antimatter (CPT violation or not) Interacting Dark Energy ====  Quintessential Baryo/Leptogenesis (cosmological CPT violation) ========  Axion-like coupling Q F_\mu\nu \tilde F^\munu =====  CMB polarization =  Susying, Quintessino (DM) a model for dark energy, dark matter and baryon matter

2. Dark Energy: Negative pressure:  * Smoothly distributed, (almost ) not clustering Candidates: I Cosmological constant (or vacuum Energy) cosmological constant problem! II Dynamical Field: Quintessence, Phantom, Quintom….

3. I) Parameterization of equation of state: A) w=w_0+w_1 z (for small z) B) w=w_0+w_1 z / (1+z) (used mostly in the literature) C) w=w_0+w_1 sin(w_2 ln(a)+w_3) Equation of state w=p/ρ: characterize the properties of the dark energy models * Vacuum : w=-1 * Quintessence: * Phantom: w<-1 * Quintom: w across -1 Important determining the equation of state of dark energy with cosmological observations Cosmological Parameters:

4. II) II) Global analysis with current astronomical observational data: SN (Union2.1, SNLS3) LSS (SDSS), CMB(WMAP, …) And CAMB/CosmoMC However, difficulty with the dark energy perturbation when w across -1 ==========  divergent

5. No-Go Theorem: For theory of dark energy (DE) in the 4D Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe described by a single perfect fluid or a single scalar field with a lagrangian of, which minimally couples to Einstein Gravity, its equation of state w cannot cross over the cosmological constant boundary. Examples of Quintom models: 1) Two scalar fields: 2) Single scalar with high derivatives: 3) Modified Born-Infeld action:

6. Perturbation of DE is continuous during crossing! Here δ and θ are the density perturbation and the divergence of the fluid velocity respectively Zhao et.al Phys.Rev.D 72,123515,2005 Perturbation with Quintom dark energy

7. I. Quintessence – like perturbation II. Phantom – like perturbation III. Quintom-based perturbation Our strategy to handle perturbations when w crosses -1 Zhao et.al Phys.Rev.D 72,123515,2005; M. LiM. Li, Y. Cai, H. Li, R. Brandenberger, X. Zhang, e-Print: arXiv:1008.1684 Y. CaiH. LiR. BrandenbergerX. Zhang

8. Constraints on dark energy with SN Ia + SDSS + WMAP-1 Observing dark energy dynamics with supernova, microwave background and galaxy clustering Jun-Qing Xia, Gong-Bo Zhao, Bo Feng, Hong Li and Xinmin Zhang Phys.Rev.D73, 063521, 2006

9. Current status in determining the EoS of dark energy Gongbo Zhao and Xinmin Zhang Phys.Rev.D81:043518,2010 WMAP7 E. Komatsu et al. e-Print: arXiv:1001.4538E. Komatsu et al. 1) Current data has constrained a lot of the models; 2) Cosmological constant is consistent with the data; 3 ） dynamical models are not ruled out; quintom mildly favored ； 4) Need more data to get w_0, w_a with error around O(1 %). SNLS3 ， e-Print: arXiv:1104.1444

10. Interacting Dark Energy (Quintessence …) * Direct coupling with ordinary matter strongly constrained by the long-range force limits * Interaction with derivative Goldstone theorem: Spin-dependent force ==  cosmological CPT violation, a unified model of DE and Baryo(Lepto)genesis: Quintessential Baryo/Leptogenesis

11. M.Li, X.Wang, B.Feng, X. Zhang PRD65,103511 (2002) De Felice, Nasri, Trodden, PRD67:043509(2003) M.Li & X. Zhang, PLB573,20 (2003) In thermo equilibrium   Quintessential Baryo/Leptogenesis Cohen & Kaplan The value of depends on the model of Quintessence Cosmological CPT violation!

12. LeptogenesisAnomaly for CMB

13. Cosmological CPT violation: predicting and Bo Feng, Hong Li, Mingzhe Li and Xinmin Zhang Phys. Lett. B 620, 27 (2005); Bo Feng, Mingzhe Li, Jun-Qing Xia, Xuelei Chen and Xinmin Zhang Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 221302 (2006) Hong Li et al

14. Current status on the measurements of the rotation angle \delta\alpha=-2.33 \pm 0.72 With WMAP7+B03+BICEP \delta\alpha= -0.04 \pm 0.37 deg with WMAP7+B03+BICEP+QUaD

15. Interacting DE, Cosmological CPT violation and CMB test Baryo/Leptogenesis CMB polarization and CPT test Anomaly Equation Cosmological CPT violation: strength ~ O( H ), unobservable in the laborary experiments CMB: travelling around O(1/H), so accumulated effect ~ O(1) observable !

16. Relevant papers 1 ） Probing CPT Violation with CMB Polarization Measurements. Jun-Qing Xia, Hong Li, Xinmin Zhang, e-Print: arXiv:0908.1876 Jun-Qing XiaHong LiXinmin Zhang 2 ） Testing CPT Symmetry with CMB Measurements: Update after WMAP5. Jun-Qing Xia, Hong Li, Gong-Bo Zhao, Xinmin Zhang, Jun-Qing XiaHong LiGong-Bo ZhaoXinmin Zhang Astrophys.J.679:L61,2008 3 ） Testing CPT Symmetry with CMB Measurements. Jun-Qing Xia, Hong Li, Jun-Qing XiaHong Li Xiu-lian Wang, Xin-min Zhang, Astron.Astrophys.483:715-718,2008Xiu-lian WangXin-min Zhang 4 ） Cosmological CPT violation, baryo/leptogenesis and CMB polarization. Mingzhe Li, Jun-Qing Xia,, Hong Li, Xinmin Zhang, Phys.Lett.B651:357-362,2007 Mingzhe LiJun-Qing XiaHong LiXinmin Zhang 5 ） Searching for CPT Violation with Cosmic Microwave Background Data from WMAP and BOOMERANG. Bo Feng,, Mingzhe Li,, Jun-Qing Xia, Xuelei Chen,, Xinmin Zhang Bo FengMingzhe LiJun-Qing XiaXuelei ChenXinmin Zhang Phys.Rev.Lett.96:221302,2006. 6 ） Testing the Lorentz and CPT Symmetry with CMB polarizations and a non- relativistic Maxwell Theory. Yi-Fu Cai, Mingzhe Li, Xinmin Zhang, JCAP 1001:017,2010. Yi-Fu CaiMingzhe LiXinmin Zhang 7 ） $CPT$ Violating Electrodynamics and Chern-Simons Modified Gravity. Mingzhe Li, Yi-Fu Cai, Xiulian Wang, Xinmin Zhang, Phys.Lett.B680:118-124,2009 Mingzhe LiYi-Fu CaiXiulian WangXinmin Zhang 8 ） Cosmological CPT violating effect on CMB polarization. Mingzhe Li, Xinmin Zhang, Phys.Rev.D78:103516,2008. Mingzhe LiXinmin Zhang

17. Sources of the CMB polarization for the B-mode: i)Tensor perturbation; ii)CPT violating effect; iii)Lensing …….

18. Quintessino As Dark Matter If susying the Quintessence: Quintessence: Q Squintessence: σ q Quintessino: Similar to : Axion, Saxion, Axino Majoron, Smajoron, Majorino If is lighter than, could serve as Dark matter Susying the following interaction (H: SU(2) doublet) gives * Prediction: long-lived charged particle: (R. Mohapatra and Zhang) (X. Bi, M. Li and Zhang)

19. Summary 1) Current status on constraints on dark energy: a) Cosmological constant fits data well; b) Dynamical model not ruled out; 2) Interacting DE with derivative couplings ====  cosmological CPT violation =====  Quintessential Baryo/Leptogenesis 3) Cosmological CPT violation tested with CMB CMB photon travelling over the distance around the observed universe, provides the most sensitive test to CPT! (anomalous Axion string effect ?)