1. Wednesday, September 22

2. The Urban Landscape Cities grow Industry Immigration Availability of food Commerce But they weren't always here...

3. Buildings These were the planet's tallest structures until...

4. Skyscrapers The Romans first started building upwards But Europe forgot how for hundreds of years In 1885, one appeared in Chicago

5. The Roots of Urbanization Shibam in Yemen – built for defense against raiders. Later tall buildings were built to be fireproof – iron doesn't burn So why doesn't every old city have tall building s?

6. Challenges of Tall vs. Short Water + gravity = dryness... Water pumps were too primitive Electric pumps replace steam power Stairs everyday = buns of steel but... Elevators don't pop up until the mid 1800's Elisha Otis' safety elevator invented in 1852

7. Advantages of Building Upward Land is $$ Many people can be close to … Makes urban centers possible

8. Mass Transit But all those people gotta get around Evolved a long way since Charon Begins with trolley lines

9. The 'Burbs Class distinctions re- emerge The rich live in massive palaces The poor are squeezed into tenements The middle class looks for a way out

10. Streetcar Suburbs Allows the middle class to separate themselves from the new immigrants and working class Street cars make it possible Corrupt politicians make huge profits in real estate speculation

11. Urban Problems Crime – overcrowding, poor economic conditions, no establishment Poverty – factory owners manipulated salaries to keep workers desperate Pollution – filthy streets and housing Disease – lack of proper medical care Illiteracy – children were forced to work (keep the working class working and poor)