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Computer Confluence 7/e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 Hardware Basics: Inside the Box © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 Objectives How computers store and manipulate information The basic structure and organization of a computer The functions and interactions of a computer system ’ s principal internal components Types of memory and storage devices © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 What Computers Do Basic Functions of a Computer Receive input: Accept information from the outside world Process information: Perform arithmetic or logical (decision- making) operations on information Produce output: Communicate information to the outside world Store information: Move and store information in memory © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Information Processing Cycle Steps followed to process data Input Processing Output Storage
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 What Computers Do (continued) Basic Components of a Computer Input devices: Accept input from the outside world Keyboards and pointing devices (mouse) Output devices : send information to the outside world. Display or video monitor Printer Speakers © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Basic Components of a Computer Microprocessor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU Processes information, Perform arithmetic calculations, and makes logical (decision-making) operations on information.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 What Computers Do (continued) Basic Components of a Computer Memory and storage devices both store information Primary storage: RAM (Random Access Memory) is used to store programs and data that need to be instantly accessible to the CPU. Secondary storage: Storage devices that serve as long-term repositories for data Hard disk drives Recordable CD and DVD drives Tape drives © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits Information Definition1: Communication that has value because it informs Definition 2: Anything that can be communicated, whether it has value or not Information comes in many forms Words, numbers, pictures Sound, movies computers turn raw data (no value) into information (valuable). In computer terminology the terms data and information are more or less interchangeable © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits (continued) Computer ’ s information is digital made up of discrete, countable units – digits- Bit, or binary digit The smallest unit of information A computer can Process. Can have one of two values: 1 or 0 Can represent numbers, codes, or instructions Byte: a collection of 8 bits (can represent 256 different combination) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits (continued) Using two symbols all numbers can be represented on a calculated as well as performing arithmetic A calculator translates the touch on the numeric keypad into series of 0s and 1s Each number then is looked at as a component of its positional values (each a power of 2) 19 will be represented as 00010011 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits (continued) Bits as Numbers Binary number system Denotes all numbers with combinations of two digits Decimal numbers are automatically converted by software into binary numbers and vice versa Binary number processing is completely hidden from the user © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits (continued) Bits as codes ASCII Represents each character as a unique 8-bit code The most widely used code An abbreviation of American Standard Code for Information Interchange Unicode Represents each character as a unique 16-bit code A coding scheme that supports 65,000 unique characters © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits (continued) Bits as Instructions in Programs Programs stored as collections of bits Program instructions represented in binary notation through the use of codes © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits (continued) Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwords Bit-related terminology © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. –Byte –Kilobyte (KB) –Megabytes (MB) –Gigabytes (GB) –Terabytes (TB) –Petabyte (PB) = 8 bits = 1 Thousand Bytes(1024 byte) = 1 Million Bytes = 1 Billion Bytes = 1 Trillion Bytes = 1024 terabyte used to describe the capacity of memory and storage components.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 Green Computing Manufacture of hardware and software can have an impact on the environment Buy green equipment (Energy Star) Use a Notebook & a solar battery Use energy-saving features Turn off when you ’ re away Screen Savers don ’ t save energy Print only once Recycle waste products © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 The Computer ’ s Core: The CPU and Memory The CPU: The Real Computer The processor performs the transformation of input into output. CPU (microprocessor) Interprets and executes the instructions in each program Supervises arithmetic and logical data manipulations © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 The Computer ’ s Core: The CPU and Memory (continued) CC ommunicates with all the other parts of the computer system indirectly through memory CC PU is An extraordinarily complex collection of electronic circuits HH oused along with other chips and electronic components on t he motherboard © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 Compatibility All software is not necessarily compatible with every CPU Every processor has a built-in-instruction set. Software written for the PowerPC family of processors used in Macintosh computers won ’ t run on Intel processors found in most IBM-compatible computers. Programs written for Linux can ’ t run on Windows Both systems run on PCs powered by Intel ’ s microprocessor CPUs in the same product family are generally designed to be backward compatible Newer processors can process all of the instructions handled by earlier models © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 2 Performance Some Applications such as graphic design, computer games require faster machines to produce satisfactory results A computer ’ s overall performance is determined by: 1.The speed of its microprocessor ’ s internal clock : the timing device that produces electrical pulses to synchronize the computers operations. clock speed is Measured in units called gigahertz (GHz) : billions of clock cycles per second © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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