1. THE MEMORY ELEMENTS

2. Words in high-speed memory

3. Read-write random-access memory

4. The Memory Units 1 b – 1 bit 1 Kb = 1024 (2 10 ) b – 1 kilobit 1 Mb = 1024 (2 10 ) Kb = 1048576 (2 20 ) b – 1 megabit 1 Gb = 1024 (2 10 ) Mb = 1073741824 (2 30 ) b – 1 gigabit 1 Tb = 1024 (2 10 ) Gb = 1099511627776 (2 40 ) b – 1 terabit 1 byte = one 8 bit word (a sequence of 8 bits at the same address) 1 B – 1 byte 1 KB = 1024 (2 10 ) bytes – 1 kilobyte 1 MB = 1024 (2 10 ) KB = 1048576 (2 20 ) B – 1 megabyte 1 GB = 1024 (2 10 ) MB = 1073741824 (2 30 ) B – 1 gigabyte 1 TB = 1024 (2 10 ) GB = 1099511627776 (2 40 ) B – 1 terabyte

5. Basic static memory cell

6. Linear- select SRAM

7. Decoders

8. Decoders condt

10. Two-dimensional static memory cell

11. Two-dimensional memory organization

12. Two-dimensional memory organization condt

13. Comparison of numbers of electronic elements used in one-dimensional and two-dimensional systems of memory Number of memory cells Linear selection Two- dimensional selection 1664 transistors16 transistors 409649152 transistors768 transistors 1 megabit (2 20 )  20 000 000 transistors  20 000 transistors

14. Bus for computer system

15. IC package of RAM chip

16. Interfacing chips to a bus

17. Layout for adding memory to a bus

18. Another IC package of RAM chip

19. Dynamic random-access memories

20. DRAM timing signals in normal and paging mode operation

21. Read-only memories

22. Read-only memories condt

23. Types of read-only memories MROM (Eng. Mascable ROM) PROM (Eng. Programmable ROM) EPROM (Eng. Erasable and programmable ROM) EEPROM (Eng. Electrically erasable and programmable ROM) An important application of EEPROM: Flash-BIOS