2. Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments Research center for Transport and Logistics Hybrid Vehicle Sustainability Evaluation A. Alessandrini, F. Filippi and F. Ortenzi JIM-EV 2009 7 May 2009

3. CTL – “Vehicle Research Group” Interdisciplinary scientific approach: Transport (DITS) Telecommunications (INFO-COM) Information Science (DIS) Energy and Mechanics (DMA/CIRPS/ENEA) Combined effort in reducing impacts

4. Data acquisition GPS (speed, position) Environment (pressure, temperature, humidity) Main engine parameters (rpm, speed, throttle position, mass airflow, air-fuel ratio, engine load, coolant temperature, catalyst temperature, exhaust gas temperature, pressure, flow rate) Emissions (CO 2, CO, HC, NO x )

5. The monitoring system

6. On board

7. A journey

8. Emissions acquisition Horiba Japan On-board emissions measurement system OBS 1300

9. InstrumentMeasureNEDC Euro IV limits Error OBD-CAN Fuel l/100km 4.6–7.8- ± 0.5000 Horiba OBS 1300 CO 2 g/km109–184- ± 6.0000 CO g/km-1.00 ± 0.0300 HC g/km-0.10 ± 0.0015 NO x g/km-0.08± 0.0015 Accuracy of instruments

10. CTL – Honda Italy CTL and Honda signed 2 research contracts: 1.To adapt the CTL monitoring tools to Honda hybrid vehicles 2.To assess the real environmental impact of Honda hybrid vehicles in city use

11. Honda Civic Hybrid

12. Testing tour Length: 4.6 km Presence of slopes, intersections and high speed zones (up to 90 km/h ) Vehicles driven by 20 drivers, 3 times each 3 vehicles tested: Honda Hybrid, IMA and Civic 2.0 16v START

13. CTL SW Acquisition 5.1

14. Hybrid (Euro IV) IMA (Euro III) Civic 2.0 (Euro IV) Consumption on road (Consumption NEDC) l/100km 8.15 (4.6) 9.96 (4.9) 12.59 (7.8) CO2 on road (CO2 NEDC) g/km 188.39 (109) 233.75 (116) 259.02 (184) Fuel consumption and CO 2

15. Euro IV limits HybridIMA (Euro III) Civic 2.0 CO g/km1.000.1940.5291.950 HC g/km0.100.0040.0470.027 NO x g/km0.080.0390.1010.158 Emissions

16. HybridIMA 2000 16v Fuel consumption 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 6.5-7.5 7.5-8.58.5-9.5 9.5-10.5 10.5-11.511.5-12.512.5-13.513.5-14.5 >14.5 % tours km/l

17. CO 2 emissions 0 10 20 30 40 150-170 170-190190-210210-230230-250250-270270-290 290-310 g/km % tours HybridIMA 2000 16v

18. CO Emissions 0 20 40 60 80 0.0-0.25 0.25-0.50.5-0.75 0.75-11-1.25 1.25-1.5 1.5-1.75 1.75-22-2.25 2.25-2.5 2.5-2.75 2.75-33-3.25 >3.25 EURO IV limit for CO [g/km] HybridIMA 2000 16v % tours gr/km

19. NO x emissions HybridIMA 2000 16v 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0-0.02 0.02-0.040.04-0.060.06-0.08 0.08-0.10.1-0.12 0.12-0.14 0.14-0.160.16-0.18 0.18-0.20.2-0.22 0.22-0.24 >0.24 EURO IV limit for NOx [g/km] gr/km % tours

20. Fuel consumption Throttle standard deviation % l/100 km

21. CO emissions Throttle standard deviation % g/km

22. Limits Throttle standard deviation % g/km NO X emissions

23. User evaluation based on Purchase cost Fuel consumption (Fuel cost: 1.208 €/l) External costs evaluation based on “Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector” EC, 2008 CO 2 =25 €/t; CO=0 €/t; HC=1.100 €/t; NOx=5.700 €/t Sustainability evaluation

24. Urban environment 6% discount rate Lifetime of 250,000 km spread uniformly over 14 years No maintenance costs Calculation hypothesis

25. HybridIMA2000 Purchase cost €2477021900 Present total fuel cost €165322020425556 Total cost €413024210447456 Users evaluation

26. Present cost € HybridIMA2000 CO2*1177.441460.931618.86 HC0.748.684.93 NOx37.3496.70151.28 Total cost €1215.521566.321775.07 External costs evaluation

27. The hybrid vehicles Reduce emissions in transient conditions because the engine is helped by the electrical motor in unfavourable working conditions. Limit dependence of emissions on drive-style. Delay the full throttle “emission overflow”. Will eventually eliminate the full throttle open loop conditions that cause “emission overflow”.

28. Hybrid and IMA consume less than Civic 2000 and are slightly less costly for the user. External costs are calculated using the EC promoted Manual; they are not high enough to advantage low environmental impact vehicles. Based on our current analyses, a hypothetical vehicle with no emissions could justify a price premium over the Civic 2000 of no more than €1775. Conclusions

29. Closing reflections R&D over 100 years has refined conventional ICE vehicles to be powerful, highly reliable, low emissions and high fuel economy. Alternative propulsion systems have received only a tiny fraction of the attention given to the conventional ICE vehicle. Considerable progress would be made in these alternative technologies: just compare the differences between the Civic IMA and the Hybrid achieved in a few years.