1. JAXA Activities in Earth Observations from Space -- Recent Progress of the GPM and GCOM Programs -- Tomomi Nio EORC / JAXA APSDEU-7 September 20-22, 2006 @ Hawaii

2. 2 Topics 1. Earth Observation Program Outline 1. Earth Observation Program Outline 2. Operation Status - TRMM - Aqua/AMSR-E - ALOS - Network Interface 3. Future Program - GOSAT - GPM - GCOM-W/C

3. 3 1. Earth Observation Program Outline

4. 4 The Long Term Plan of JAXA Earth Observation for GEOSS

5. 5 2. Operation Status

6. 6 Current Operation Status 1.TRMM (’97.11- ) almost 9 years old –Post-Operations Phase –Operation has been extended 2.Aqua/AMSR-E (’02.5- ) – Post-Operations Phase 3.ALOS (’06.1-) –Initial CAL/VAL Phase 2. Operation Status

7. 7 TRMM It is approved that TRMM continues to observe tropical rainfalls until September 2009, with possible additional extension after another senior review, allowing for a possible overlap with GPM. (TRMM may operate as long as September 2012.) Long, accurate record of quasi-global precipitation  Outstanding research benefit Data utilization –8 years of PR data has been accumulated. Information on structure of precipitation systems brought by PR  Precipitation System Climatology Estimation of estimated rain rate accuracy including effects of altitude change is important for climate research purpose 2. Operation Status

8. 8 Aqua/AMSR-E AMSR-E data utilization – JMA started to use AMSR-E data for the global numerical prediction model on May 15, 2006. 2. Operation Status  Improved the forecast accuracy of the track of a typhoon – “SST anomaly in the high latitude ocean of AMSR-E” site was released on September 14, 2006.

9. 9 Tropical Cyclone Data Base JAXA EORC Tropical Cyclone Data Base –You can search tropical cyclone data observed by TRMM/PR, TMI, VIRS, Aqua/AMSR- E at the same time. –You can access TRMM/PR 3D movies. http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp 2. Operation Status

10. 10 Tropical Cyclone Data Base --TRMM 3D Movie--

11. 11 ALOS Overview JAXA’s High-Resolution Earth Observing Satellite Mission –Cartography (1/25,000) –Regional Environmental Monitoring –Disaster Monitoring –Resources Survey Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM) Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2) Data Relay Communication Antenna Star Tracker GPS Antenna Solar Array Paddle 9m 22m Orbit : Sun Synchronous Altitude: 691.65km Repeat Cycle : 46days Sub-Cycle : 2days Launch Date : Jan.24, 2006 Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) 2. Operation Status Spatial Resolution: 2.5m (at Nadia) Swath Width: 70km(Nadia only) / 35km (Triplet mode) Range Resolution: 7 to 44/ 14 to 88m (Fine) 100m (ScanSAR) Swath Width: 40 to 70km (Fine) / 250 to 350km (ScanSAR) Spatial Resolution: 10m (at Nadia) Swath Width: 70km(at Nadia) Pointing Angle: -44 to +44 degree

12. 12 ALOS Current Status Initial CAL/VAL Period; –Calibration and Validation of each sensors on processing Level1 data from Level0 data are most important and necessary to improve the accuracy of high resolution DEM and biomass distribution data. We will have the review on October 23 for moving to “Routine Operations Period”. ALOS data utilization; –Disaster monitoring 2. Operation Status Flooded areas in ChoeleChoele City, Argentina observed by "Daichi"(ALOS)/PRISM on July 30, 2006. (Pre-disaster)(Post-disaster)

13. 13 Network Interface NASA/GSFC (SDPF,TSDIS,EDOS,CSAFS) JAXA/EOC APAN/SINET (effect 6Mbps) NASA/JPL (PO.DAAC) 2. Operation Status NOAA/NESDIS JAXA/EOC Wide area Ethernet JAXA/EORC JMA/MSC JAXA/TKSC Wide Area Ethernet (100Mbps) ATM 1Mbps -EORC Tokyo office move to Tsukuba the end of October. -EORC will connect Tsukuba WAN and increase 200Mbps with EOC next April. -Internet (VPN) is used for ALOS. -Wide width network will be implemented for GOSAT

14. 14 3. Future Program

15. 15 GOSAT Greenhouse gasses Observing SATellite 3. Future Program

16. 16 Mission –To observe greenhouse effect gasses globally GOSAT Overview 3. Future Program Designed Life Span: 5years Orbit Plan: Altitude 666km Sun-Synchronous Sub-Recurrent Orbit Orbit Inclination: 98deg. Launch: Aug.2008 by H-IIA (TBD) TANSO-FTS (Greenhouse gasses observing Sensor) Atmospheric absorption observation by Fourier Theorem Spectroscopy Wavelength band1 0.38μm band2 0.67μm band3 0.87μm band4 1.62μm Spectrum resolution 0.2 – 1cm TANSO-CAI (Cloud/Aerosol Sensor) Imager Wavelength band1 0.38μm band2 0.67 μm band3 0.87 μm band4 1.62 μm FSSH-1XANT-1 -2SANT-1 ESH CAM-H1 CS 光学系ユニット GOS 光学系ユニット FSSH-2/3TEDA-LPT2 TEDA-LPT1 PDL Z （地心方向） （進行方向、ロケット機軸方向） X Y FSSH-1XANT-1 -2SANT-1 ESH CAM-H1 CS 光学系ユニット GOS 光学系ユニット FSSH-2/3TEDA-LPT2 TEDA-LPT1 PDL FSSH-1XANT-1 -2SANT-1 ESH CAM-H1 CS 光学系ユニット GOS 光学系ユニット FSSH-2/3TEDA-LPT2 TEDA-LPT1 PDL Z （地心方向） （進行方向、ロケット機軸方向） X Y Z （地心方向） （進行方向、ロケット機軸方向） X Y

17. 17 GPM Global Precipitation Measurement 3. Future Program

18. 18 From TRMM to GPM NASA, JAXA and NICT International Cooperation Mission 3. Future Program Cooperation(Expected partners) ： NOAA(US),NASA(US), CNES/ISRO(France/India) and others

19. 19 GPM Overview 3. Future Program Mission: Core Satellite –Observation of rainfall with more accurate and higher resolution –Adjustment of data from constellation satellites Constellation Satellites –More frequent Observation GPM –Global Observation every 3 hours↓ –Earth heating Phenomena –Study of Climate Change –Improvement of forecasting system Core SatelliteConstellation Satellites OrbitSun- asynchronous Sun-synchronous InclinationApprox. 68 deg.Approx. 90 deg. AltitudeApprox. 600 km PeriodApprox. 92 minutes Approx. 100 minutes Mission Instrument DPR* GMI Microwave Radiometer Resolution KuPR:245km KaPR:120km Approx. 800 ｋｍ Range Res.250m--- Launch Date2013 (TBD)--- Mission of Life 3 years and 2 months --- *DPR=Dual Frequency Radiometer 14GHz KuPR and 35GHz KaPR 2 satellites 8 satellites

20. 20 GPM project status Core satellite: –GPM core launch schedule was slipped to June 2013 because of NASA budget problem –Currently JAXA is in phase B. –JAXA proceed to phase C/D in JFY 2007. Constellation satellites: –A lot of changes! EGPM : reduced NPOESS : scale downed (reduced time orbit and CMIS) NASA constellation : Non-sun synchronous (inclination 40°) etc. –Microwave radiometers get fewer at the operation period of GPM core.  It is very difficult to achieve our objectives.  JAXA started to use not only microwave radiometer but also microwave sounder data for frequent precipitation observation. 3. Future Program

21. 21 Overlap of satellite operation 3. Future Program Note: Not written about FY-3/MWRI and MWHS In order to achieve our GPM mission, we hope to know more details of constellation candidate. -Possibility of FY-3 data use. -Korea (KMA/KARI) will plan to have satellite with microwave radiometer or not? -NPOESS update information. etc.

22. 22 GPM Related Meetings Workshop: –The 6 th GPM International Planning Workshop, Date: 6-8 November 2006 place: USA –GPM Data Working Group:GDaWG Not hold this year 3. Future Program ** We started to study the possibility of multi sensor data use such as other agency’s sensors or microwave sounder. If possible, I want to discuss data exchange in specific. - What type of data format ? - How to get data to use in real-time, operationally? - Can we get Point of Contact? Update information, idea, advice, comments are welcome!!

23. 23 GCOM Global Climate Observation Mission 3. Future Program

24. 24 GCOM System Overview GCOM-W & -C characteristics Configuration GCOM-WGCOM-C Orbit (TBD) Sun-synchronous Altitude: 699.6km Inclination: 98.19deg Descending local time: 1:30 Sun-synchronous Altitude: 798km Inclination: 99.36deg Descending local time: 10:30 Instruments AMSR2 SeaWinds F/O (-W2, - W3:TBD) SGLI Launch Date20102011 Mission Life5 years (3 satellites; total 13 years) Launch Vehicle H-IIA 3. Future Program

25. 25 GCOM-W Targets of GCOM-W/AMSR2 are water- energy cycle. GCOM-W AMSR2 characteristics ScanConical scan microwave radiometer Swath width1450km Antenna2.0m offset parabola antenna Digitalization12bit Incident angleApporox. 55 degree PolarizationVertical and Horizontal Dynamic range2.7-340K Band (GHz) Band width (MHz) Polari zation Beam width [deg] (Ground resolution [km]) Sampling interval [km] 6.925350 V and H 1.8 (35 x 62) 10 10.651001.2 (24 x 42) 18.72000.65 (14 x 22) 23.84000.75 (15 x 26) 36.510000.35 (7 x 12) 89.030000.15 (3 x 5)5 AMSR2 AMSR-2 will continue AMSR-E observations (water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, wind speed, sea ice concentration etc.). If GCOM-W2, W3 has scatterometer, GCOM-W scatterometer in afternoon orbit will increase time resolution and data coverage in combination with the METOP/ASCAT in morning orbit (to achieve every 6 hours observation). 3. Future Program AMSR-2 data will contribute to operational users such as meteorological agencies

26. 26 AMSR-Products (ADEOS-II) Wind speed (ocean) Sea ice conc. Sea surface temperature Snow depth Cloud liquid water Water vapor (ocean) Precipitation Soil moisture ProductsComments Integrated water vapor Over global ocean*, columnar integrated value Integrated cloud liquid water Over global ocean *, columnar integrated value Precipitation Global (except over ice and snow), surface rain rate Sea surface temperature * Global ocean Sea surface wind speed Global ocean Sea ice concentratio n High latitude ocean areas Snow depth Land surface (except dense forest regions) Soil moisture Land surface (except ice sheet and dense forest regions) AMSR product table

27. 27 GCOM-C SGLI channels CH λΔλL std L max IFOV VN, P, SW: nm T: μm VN, P: W/m 2 /sr/  m T: Kelvin m VN13801060210250 VN24121075250 VN34431064400250 VN44901053120250 VN55302041350250 VN6565203390250 VN7670102362250 VN86702025210250 VN97638403501000 VN1086520830250 VN118652030300250 P167020252501000 P286520303001000 SW1105020572481000 SW213802081031000 SW31640200350250 SW42210501.9201000 T110.80.7300340500 T212.00.7300340500 Visible & near infrared (VN) push-broom radiometer Polarization muti-angle radiometer (P) Shortwave (SW) & thermal infrared (T) scanning radiometer Targets of GCOM-C/ SGLI is surface and atmospheric valuables related to carbon cycle and radiation budget. SGLI will follow almost of the GLI observations (sea surface temperature, ocean color, aerosols, cloud, vegetation, snow/ ice, and so on). The new SGLI features (250m (VN) and 500m (T) channels and two polarization/ multi-direction channels (P)) will enable to improve land and coastal monitoring and retrieval of aerosol over land. GCOM-C SGLI characteristics Scan Push-broom electric scan (VN & P) Wisk-broom mechanical scan (SW & T) Scan width 1150km cross track (VN & P) 1400km cross track (SW & T) Digitalization12bit Polarization3 polarization angles for P Along track direction +45 deg and -45 deg for P Nadir for VN, SW and T 3. Future Program

28. 28 GLI products on ADEOS-II Land vegetation Ocean chlorophyll TOA radiance Snow grain size Sea surface temperature Aerosols Cloud optical thickness water vapor (land) TargetProduct Land Geometric correction Geometric correction by GCP Surface reflectance Land surface reflectance Vegetation indexes (NDVI, EVI) Atmosphere Aerosol Ocean aerosols (Tau, Alpha) Cloud Cloud flag (area, phase) Cloud optical thickness (water/ice) Ice cloud effective radius Water cloud top height Cloud top temperature (water/ice) Cloud liquid water cloud Cloud fraction water vapor column water vapor (over land) Ocean Ocean atmospheric correction Normalized water leaving radiance Ocean aerosols (Tau, Alpha) Photosynthetically available radiation In-water chlorophyll-a concentration Suspended solid concentration Coloured dissolved organic matter Attenuation coefficient at 490nm temperatureSea surface temperature Cryosphere Area Cloud detection over snow/ice Snow/ice covered area Surface Snow/ice surface temperature Snow grain size Snow impurities GLI product table

29. 29 Future marine exploration technology ・ Global environment problem ・ GHG ・ Understand of weather anomaly and climate change Earth Observation GOSAT ALOS GPM/DPRGCOM Cloud Aerosol GHG Quasi-Zenith Satellite Ocean color Rainfall ・ Marine exploration under ocean bottom ・ Resource exploration by satellite and marine probe Marine exploration Deep sea drilling Vegetation Positioning ・ Disaster monitoring of earthquake, heavy rain etc. ・ Trench giant earthquake Disaster Monitoring Ocean wind SST Integration of observation data Users Integrated dataset Policy making Data Integration & Analysis Research institutes Ministry and agency 緯度 経度 時間 “Integrated Marine Exploration and Earth Observation System” Establishment of a fundamental system for Earth observation, disaster monitoring and marine exploration system as a national key technology for Japanese national security

30. 30 Summary Current satellite: –TRMM/PR, Aqua/AMSR-E and ALOS are operating well. Future Program: –GOSAT is developing for the launch in 2008. –GPM project is studying the new possibility of data utilization for frequent precipitation observation. *We need your cooperation! –GCOM-W project will be approved soon. AMSR-2 data will contribute to improving climate change prediction and operational use.