1. Cells, Tissues, and Organ Systems
A guide to Chapter 3, Cells:

2. Cells Cells: The basic units of structure
and function of living things.
Organelles: “Tiny Organs”, The structures that make up the cell.

3. The Cell Theory All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
Living cells come only from other living cells.

4. Famous Biologists
Robert Hooke: An English Scientist who was the first person to view the cell. Saw dead plant cell walls in the cork. Coined the phrase “cell”.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: A Dutch merchant who invented the microscope. First to view living cells.

5. More….
Matthias Schleiden:A German Botanist. Discovered that all plants are made of plant cells.
Theodor Schwann: A German zoologist who discovered that all animals were made up of animal cells.
Rudolph Virchow: A German physician who discovered that all living cells come from other living cells.

6. Structure and Function of Cells
Cell Wall: Support and protection, made of cellulose a non-living material. Only in plant cells.
Cell Membrane: Doorway of the cell, has pores. Controls movement of materials in and out of the cell.

7. Nucleus Control Center of the Cell; The “brain”.
Has a Nuclear Membrane surrounding it.
Contains Chromosomes: They direct all of the cell’s activities and pass on traits to new cells.
Chromosomes have two nucleic acids: RNA and DNA
Nucleolus: “Little Nucleus”; produces ribosomes.

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Clear tubular passageways.
Transportation system that sends proteins from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane and out of the cell..

9. Ribosomes Protein Factories Small grain-like bodies,
Produced in the nucleolus.
Made of RNA
Most are attached to the ER.

10. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell.
Supplies most of the energy to the cell.
Have their own DNA.

11. Vacuoles Storage Tank of the cell. Large, round, water filled sac.
Larger in the plant cell.
Stores; food, water and wastes.

12. Lysosomes Cleanup crew for the cell. Rare in plant cells.
Small, round structures.
Contain digestive enzymes.
Breaks down food and sends
it to the mitochondria
to be used for energy.

13. Chloroplasts Food producers for the cell.
Large, irregularly shaped green structures.
Contain Chlorophyll, a green pigment that captures energy from the sun to produce food.
Only found in plant
cells.

14. Cell Processes
Metabolism: All building up and breaking down activities of the cell.
Respiration: When food is broken down to produce energy (mitochondria).
Aerobic respiration: Needs oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration: Without oxygen (Fermentation).

15. More….
Diffusion: The process of molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis: The diffusion of water.
Active Transport: Uses energy to transport material needed by the cell.

16. Cell Specialization:
The arrangement of specialized parts within a living organism.
Cells
Tissues: Made up of similar cells.
Organs: A group of different tissues. (heart, lung, muscles, brain, etc.)
Organ Systems: A group of organs that work together. (Nervous system)
Organism: The entire living thing.

17. Created by Mrs. Brenner Exploring Life Science Prentice Hall
The End
Created by Mrs. Brenner
Exploring Life Science
Prentice Hall