1. Ben Franklin published the first chart of an ocean current in 1769 Franklin’s chart of the Gulf Stream Oceanography

2. Surface currents Deep water currents Bathymetry Tides Physical Oceanography

4. Dissolved Oxygen and other gases  Fish and other animals need oxygen to breathe. This oxygen is present in the water and is called dissolved oxygen (DO). It is measured in mg/L.  <3 mg/L – harmful to fish – too little O2  5-6 mg/L – desirable range  >10 mg/L – harmful to fish – too much O2 Dissolved minerals and other solids Salinity – amount of salt in water, measured in parts per thousand (ppt)

5.  Otherwise known as Marine Biology

6. Formation of Hurricanes

7. Photo by: Jill Turner Hurricane Katrina 2005 Eye wall of Hurricane Ivan 2004 www.hurricanehunters.com

8.  Properties of water measured: Parameters, units, significance Temperature Salinity Dissolved oxygen Turbidity Light levels Depth…

9.  Typical open ocean profiles  Called - a hydrocast

10.  Sounding lines  Problems… (currents)  Pressure sensor  Sonar

11.  Direct or indirect measurement  Refractometer  Conductivity sensor

12.  Secchi disk  transmissometer

13.  Methods – chemical and electrical Polarigraphic electrode Winkler

14.  Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor  Deck sensor

15. Niskin bottle

16.  Chlorophyll levels - fluorometer

17.  Hydrolab/YSI = brands

18.  moored, deployed, mobile  CTD  Argo ’floats’

19. See our CTD hydrocast

20. The Quest for Longitude -- 1707 shipwreck of four British warships -- 2000 dead -- Longitude Act of 1714 -- John Harrison http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/longitude/

22. Global Positioning Systems Image from Wikipedia.com

23. Used with permission from Garmin

24. GPS APPLICATIONS Images from seaturtle.org

25. Gulf of Mexico MEXICO