1. AKS 40: Japan and China
Chapter 19.2 and 19.3 – Pages

2. Qing Dynasty: What did China look like?
Qing Dynasty – founded by Manchus (from Manchuria) – many Chinese resisted
Rebellions flared up periodically for decades
Manchus slowly earned respect
Upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs
Made frontiers safe & restored prosperity

3. Qing Dynasty: Kangxi (1661-1722)
Reduced gov’t expenses, lowered taxes
Gained support of intellectuals by offering them gov’t positions
Jesuits told him of European achievements in science, medicine, and math

4. Qing Dynasty: Isolation Continues
Those that wished to trade w/ China had to follow certain rules:
Trade at special ports
Tribute
“Kowtow” ritual (kneeling before emperor & touching head to ground 9 times)
“There is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures.”
- Qian-Long, from a letter to King George III of Great Britain

5. Qing Dynasty: Cultural Developments
Based mainly on traditional forms
Valued technique over creativity
Pottery – high-quality ceramics (porcelain)
Drama popular b/c literacy rates were low
Focused on Chinese history & cultural heroes

6. Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582) Wanted to eliminate remaining enemies
“Rule the empire by force.”
- Oda Nobunaga
Wanted to eliminate remaining enemies
1575 – Nobunaga’s 3,000 soldiers armed w/ muskets crushed enemy force of samurai cavalry
1st time firearms had been used effectively in battle in Japan
Committed seppuku (ritual suicide of samurai)

7. Tokugawa Shogunate (military gov’t): Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603-1616)
Defeated his rivals at Battle of Sekigahara
Victory earned him loyalty of daimyo throughout Japan
1603 – Became sole ruler (shogun)
Moved capital to Edo (later Tokyo)
Enacted policies that resulted in the rule of law overcoming the rule of the sword

8. Tokugawa Japan: Policy of Isolation
1639 – Shoguns realized that they could safely exclude both missionaries and merchants
Sealed Japan’s borders, except Nagasaki
Commercial contacts w/ Euro. ended
200+ years – Japan remained closed & citizens could not leave
Continued to develop self-sufficiently

9. Tokugawa Japan: Cultural Developments
Traditional culture thrived
New types of fiction began to emerge – realistic stories about self-made merchants or hardships of life
Haiku – type of poetry that presented images rather than ideals
Kabuki theater – skits about modern life

10. Causes of Population Increase
Agriculture Improved -irrigation & fertilizer use ↑
Farmers produced more food
Nutrition improved  new crops – corn and sweet potatoes (Europe)
People lived longer, families expanded
**Columbian Exchange

11. Impact on Social Structure: Qing China
Sons Favored
Only sons allowed to perform religious rituals
Raised his own family under parents’ roof - help aging parents on farm
Females not valued – many infants girls killed
Role of Women
Worked in fields, supervised children’s education, managed family finances
Some found jobs working as midwives or textile workers

12. Impact on Social Structure: Tokugawa Japan
Societal Structure
Emperor top rank (figurehead only)
Actual ruler was shogun – military commander
Daimyo – landholding samurai
Samurai warriors
Peasants (4/5 of population) & Artisans
Merchants
Role of Women
W/ rise of commercial centers, found jobs in entertainment, textile manufacturing, & publishing
Most led sheltered lives as peasant wives
* Confucian values important
*Farmers made ideal citizens