2. How Have Conditions Changed 1900-2000 1.____ times as many adults are getting high school degrees. 2.____ percent of all American homes have telephones, electricity, and a flush toilet. 3.Accidental deaths have decreased by ____ percent. 4.Wages in the manufacturing sector are ____ times greater.

3. How Have Conditions Changed 1900-2000 5.Average household assets are ____ times greater. 6.The average workweek is ____ percent shorter. 7.More than ____ percent of Americans have at least one automobile, VCR, microwave, AC, cable TV, washer and dryer.

4. How Have Conditions Changed 1900-2000 The overall health, welfare and safety of Americans has increased/made positive progress. Statistics and data are critical to the science of sociology.

5. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Identify the problem Review the literature (that already exists) Formulate hypothesis Develop a research design Collect data Analyze data State findings and conclusions

6. ETHICS OF SOCIOLOGISTS Show objectivity (not bias information) Use approved research standards Report findings and methods truthfully Protect the rights and privacy of participants

7. 1. SURVEY Questionnaires and interviews that require direct communication with people GOAL = REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE: –A small group who represent a larger whole –PROBLEM = _______________________ –People who volunteer may offer different opinions than those who don’t.

8. PERSONAL SURVEY WHICH DO YOU PREFER?

9. 2. CASE STUDY A ___________ ______________ of a particular group being studied or treated. Examples: - Kitty Genovese - Stanford Prison Experiment

10. 3. FIELD RESEARCH Research that takes place in a natural, non-laboratory setting –How are natural results different from laboratory results? –Example: Justin Timberlake

11. 4. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ► A case study where the researcher becomes a member of the group being studied. He/she may inform the group of his/her role as a sociologist or may keep that confidential. Examples: - Lars Eighner - Ray Sprigle – White man posed as Black in the South in the 1950s