1. Native American Cultures of North America

2. Prehistoric Native Americans Terms and concepts Terms and concepts Paleo Period Paleo Period Archaic Period Archaic Period Woodland Period Woodland Period Mississippian Period Mississippian Period

3. Terms For Chapter 2 Prehistoric – the period of time before written history. Prehistoric – the period of time before written history. Culture – a way of life shared by people with similar arts, beliefs, and customs. Culture – a way of life shared by people with similar arts, beliefs, and customs. Effigy- ceremonial, religious Effigy- ceremonial, religious Nomadic-travel, no permanent settlement Nomadic-travel, no permanent settlement

4. More terms… Archaeologists – scientists who study artifacts. Archaeologists – scientists who study artifacts. Anthropologist – study the science of human beings through their physical characteristics, culture, and environment Anthropologist – study the science of human beings through their physical characteristics, culture, and environment Artifacts – objects from the past that contribute to our understanding of prehistoric cultures. Artifacts – objects from the past that contribute to our understanding of prehistoric cultures.

5. Where did the Native Americans come from? A land bridge once connected Asia with North America A land bridge once connected Asia with North America The land bridge is where the Bering Strait is now The land bridge is where the Bering Strait is now

6. Paleo-Indian Period Lived approximately 10,000 years ago Lived approximately 10,000 years ago Nomadic (moved a lot) hunters Nomadic (moved a lot) hunters Hunted big game: woolly mammoths, large bison, sloth, moose, and elk. Hunted big game: woolly mammoths, large bison, sloth, moose, and elk. Animals used for food, clothing and tools Animals used for food, clothing and tools Shelter were huts-wood and animal hides Shelter were huts-wood and animal hides Used wooden sticks with spear points attached for spears. Used wooden sticks with spear points attached for spears. Clovis Point – approximately 3 inches Clovis Point – approximately 3 inches

7. Archaic Indian Period Lived around 8000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. Lived around 8000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. Possible first culture of Georgia Possible first culture of Georgia Developed improved techniques for fishing, gathering and hunting Developed improved techniques for fishing, gathering and hunting Hunted deer and small mammals with atlatl Hunted deer and small mammals with atlatl Made tools from stones, including the stone axe Made tools from stones, including the stone axe Less mobile, cleared some land, lived in shelters Less mobile, cleared some land, lived in shelters Made shell rings on Sapelo Made shell rings on Sapelo Lived in bands of 25-50 Lived in bands of 25-50

8. Woodland Indian Period Lived from around 1000 B.C. to 800 A.D. Lived from around 1000 B.C. to 800 A.D. Developed agriculture/farming Developed agriculture/farming Sunflowers, squash, and maize (type of corn) Sunflowers, squash, and maize (type of corn) Developed the bow and arrow Developed the bow and arrow Built villages with protective walls Built villages with protective walls Made earth mounds (effigy mounds) like those at Rock Eagle and Kolomoki Made earth mounds (effigy mounds) like those at Rock Eagle and Kolomoki Religious- priests Religious- priests Tribes Tribes

10. Mississippian Indian Period 900-1650 AD 900-1650 AD Etowah Mounds, tallest and Ocmulgee Etowah Mounds, tallest and Ocmulgee Grew 2 crops from Mexico: corn (maize) and beans Grew 2 crops from Mexico: corn (maize) and beans 4 staples: squash, corn and beans (3 Sisters of Agriculture), also pumpkins 4 staples: squash, corn and beans (3 Sisters of Agriculture), also pumpkins Civilizations, government, chiefdoms Civilizations, government, chiefdoms Had towns with buildings by rivers Had towns with buildings by rivers European explorers met them European explorers met them

11. What are the features of a civilization? Chiefdoms Chiefdoms Cities that are centers of trade Cities that are centers of trade Specialized jobs for different people Specialized jobs for different people Organized forms of government and religion Organized forms of government and religion Advanced tools Advanced tools

12. Why Did The Mississippians Die Off? Diseases brought by the Europeans Diseases brought by the Europeans Measles, chicken pox, tuberculosis Measles, chicken pox, tuberculosis Warfare with Europeans over land Warfare with Europeans over land

13. Historic Native Americans What does this mean??? What does this mean??? Prehistoric means before written history Prehistoric means before written history Historic period occurs when the Native Americans have contact with Europeans Historic period occurs when the Native Americans have contact with Europeans Events will be written, documentation of events Events will be written, documentation of events

14. Modern Native Americans of Georgia and Southeast Creeks Creeks Cherokee Cherokee Seminole Seminole Timucuan Timucuan

15. Creek Confederacy Largest group, southern GA, AL Largest group, southern GA, AL Also known as the Muskogee Also known as the Muskogee Lived in large family compounds Lived in large family compounds Matrilineal-power passed through female side Matrilineal-power passed through female side Chief: ruled the town/Elders: town council Chief: ruled the town/Elders: town council Green Corn ceremony – giving thanks for the new crop Green Corn ceremony – giving thanks for the new crop Guale –between Savannah and Altamaha Guale –between Savannah and Altamaha Tomochichi, Toonahowie (ever heard of them?) Tomochichi, Toonahowie (ever heard of them?)

16. Cherokee Second largest group Second largest group Mountain settlements Mountain settlements Similar to Creeks Similar to Creeks Believed in keeping harmony and balance in the world Believed in keeping harmony and balance in the world No chief or elders – council meetings were run democratically (vote) No chief or elders – council meetings were run democratically (vote) Cherokee only went to war for revenge Cherokee only went to war for revenge

17. Timucuan SE GA (Cumberland) and NE FL SE GA (Cumberland) and NE FL Matrilineal Matrilineal Tall (6ft), tattooed Tall (6ft), tattooed Mocama-between Altamaha and St. Mary’s Mocama-between Altamaha and St. Mary’s Differentiated by language Differentiated by language

18. Seminole Most in Florida, but a small number were in Southeast GA Most in Florida, but a small number were in Southeast GA Seminole means “free people” Seminole means “free people” Very similar to the Creek Very similar to the Creek Created from Creek, Cherokee, Timucuan tribes Created from Creek, Cherokee, Timucuan tribes