1. Translation Patterns to Specify Processes in the PSL Ontology Dr. A. Sánchez-Ruíz University of North Florida CIS Department Associate Professor and Coordinator of the Software Engineering Graduate Track Gregory Hansen, President Computer Aided Process Improvement – CAPI, Inc. 5 th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling

2. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 2 Context PSL Interoperation Domain: Manufacturing Process

3. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 3 Definition “An Ontology is a formal explicit specification of a shared conceptualization for a domain of interest” T. Gruber: “A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications”. In Knowledge Acquisition, Vol. 5, 1993, pp. 199-220.

4. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 4 PSL Ontology  PSL: Process Specification Language  Author: National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST – http://www.nist.gov/)http://www.nist.gov/  Domain of Application: Manufacturing Processes.  Sample of concepts and their relationships: activity, activity occurrence, duration, object, sub-activity, consumes …

5. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 5 PSL Ontology  Documentation: http://www.mel.nist.gov/psl/ http://www.mel.nist.gov/psl/  Formalism: First-Order Logic (FOL)  Structure: Layered FOL theories (lattice of theories related by ‘extension’).  Language: Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) … any FOL language would suffice (e.g. UML’s Object Constraint Language – OCL).

6. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 6 Example of a PSL Specification: Simple Sequential Process Consider a complex activity a, with primitive subactivities a1 and a2, respectively. Assume that we want to express the process characterized by occurrences of a1 followed by occurrences of a2, such that: There are no occurrences before a1 and after a2. There are no occurrences of a between a1 and a2.

7. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 7 Example of a PSL Specification: Simple Sequential Process [1](activity a) [2](activity a1) [3](activity a2) [4](subactivity a1 a) [5](subactivity a2 a) [6](primitive a1) [7](primitive a2) [8](forall (?occ_a) [9] (implies [10](and (occurrence_of ?occ_a a) [11] (legal ?occ_a)) [12](exists (?occ_a1 ?occ_a2) [13] (and [14] (occurrence_of ?occ_a1 a1) [15] (legal ?occ_a1) [16] (occurrence_of ?occ_a2 a2) [17] (legal ?occ_a2) [18] (subactivity_occurrence ?occ_a1 ?occ_a) [19] (subactivity_occurrence ?occ_a2 ?occ_a) [20] (root_occ ?occ_a1 ?occ_a) [21] (next_subocc ?occ_a1 ?occ_a2 a) [22] (leaf_occ ?occ_a2 ?occ_a)))))

8. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 8 Example of a PSL Specification: Simple Sequential Process [1]let a be an activity [2]let a1 be an activity [3]let a2 be an activity [4]let a1 be a subactivity of a [5]let a2 be a subactivity of a [6]let a1 be primitive [7]let a2 be primitive [8]for all ?occ_a: [9] if [10]?occ_a is an occurrence of a and [11] ?occ_a is legal, then [12]there exist ?occ_a1, ?occ_a2, such that [13] [14] ?occ_a1 is an occurrence of a1, and [15] ?occ_a1 is legal, and [16] ?occ_a2 is an occurrence of a2, and [17] ?occ_a2 is legal, and [18] ?occ_a1 is a subactivity occurrence of ?occ_a, and [19] ?occ_a2 is a subactivity occurrence of ?occ_a, and [20] ?occ_a1 is the root occurrence of ?occ_a, and [21] ?occ_a2 strictly follows ?occ_a1 in the activity tree of a, and [22] ?occ_a2 is the leaf occurrence of ?occ_a

9. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 9 This Paper  Derives patterns that can be used to generate PSL specifications of processes comprised of activities, which can be complex/primitive, and are composed: Sequentially. Concurrently.

10. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 10 Questions?  Thanks!

11. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 11

12. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 12 Outline 1.Starting with the Basics 2.Definitions 3.Examples/Applications 4.Requirements 5.Research Problems 6.Summary 7.References

13. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 13 Starting with the Basics  From the Merrian-Webster Dictionary: Main Entry: on·tol·o·gy Pronunciation: än-'tä-l&-jE Function: noun Etymology: New Latin ontologia, from ont- + -logia -logy 1 : a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being 2 : a particular theory about the nature of being or the kinds of existents - on·tol·o·gist /-jist/ noun

14. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 14 Definitions Application Domain Applicatio n Body of Concepts Applications Local Lingo Applications Local Lingo Applications Local Lingo

15. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 15 Definitions Application Domain: Cooking Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: avocado (US, L.A.) Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: Aguacate (L.A.) Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: Palta (Chile)

16. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 16 Definitions Application Domain Applicatio n Body of Concepts Applications Local Lingo Applications Local Lingo Applications Local Lingo Ontology: Common Lingo!

17. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 17 Definitions Application Domain: Cooking Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: avocado (US, L.A.) Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: Aguacate (L.A.) Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: Palta (Chile) Ontology: Scientific Classification

18. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 18 Definitions Application Domain: Cooking Ontology: Scientific Classificatio n

19. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 19 Definitions A1 A2A3 A4 A5 A1 A2A3 A4 A5 Ontology! Approaches to Interoperability

20. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 20 Examples/Application  Web Ontology Language – OWL:OWL Resource Description Framework (RDF) and its vocabulary description language (RDFS – RDF Scheme). DAML+OIL: joint effort …DAML+OIL DARPA Agent Markup Language (US)DARPA Ontology Inference Language (ontoknowledge.org Sponsored by European Community)ontoknowledge.org  Fundamental Application: Semantic Web …Semantic Web

21. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 21 Requirements  Formalism-based: Syntax and Semantics Model-based: set theory, logic, algebras  Ability to reason: Use theorem provers, inference engines  Ability to transport knowledge (domain-specific, lingo-neutral)  Usability: Humans do not directly use Ontologies, tools enable their use

22. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 22 Research Problems  Core (Domain-Independent): New Formalisms (RDF, RDFS, F-Logic, Ontology Algebras) Frameworks/Tools to engineer ontologies (ONTOCLEAN, OTKM).ONTOCLEANOTKM  Domain-Dependent: Medical Defense/Intelligence Manufacturing Software Engineering Semantic Web Modeling

23. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 23 Summary A1 A2A3 A4 A5 Ontology!  Requirements: Formalism-based Ability to reason Ability to transport knowledge (domain- specific, lingo-neutral) Usability  Research: Core research Applied research

24. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation 24 References  Many references embedded in the document as hyperlinks.  S. Staab, R. Studer (Editors): “Handbook of Ontologies”. Springer-Verlag, 2004.  T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler, O. Lassila: “The Semantic Web”. Scientific American, May 2001.The Semantic Web