1.  1800-1914

2.  What is Imperialism? The domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.  What prior movement enabled New Imperialism? The Industrial Revolution supplied the technologies of domination and created the need for large quantities of natural resources.  What Continent experienced the most invasive effects of New Imperialism? Africa was nearly completely dominated by European powers by the end of New Imperialism.

3.  Economic Interests o Industrialization had created a large need for natural resources. Examples include rubber, petroleum, and minerals such as manganese. o New areas of control could lead to new markets to sell finished goods in. o Colonies could support Europeans who felt that their countries were getting too crowded.

4.  Political and Military o Politics A large global empire was thought to improve a nation’s prestige. o Military Taking colonies could prevent other nations from having them, and growing in power. Forward bases were necessary to perpetuate and protect trade.

5.  Humanitarian and Religious Goals o Humanitarian Many Europeans thought that Imperialistic efforts would help the less “developed” nations. Stems from the paternalistic way that Europeans viewed those that they Imperialized. o Religious Many Christian missionaries felt that they needed to bring Christianity to these “heathen” peoples.

6.  Social Darwinism o Herbert Spencer first applied Darwinism to society. o This is the idea that if a culture or society was stronger than it was “superior” o These apparent “superior” societies became that way by nature. o Domination of weaker nations accelerated the process of nature. o Overall, it was believed that this was improving humanity.

7.  Weak Non-Western States o African states had been weakened by the slave trade. o Middle Eastern and Asian civilizations were in decline.  Western Advantages o Strong Economies o Stable Governments o Powerful Militaries o Superior Technology

9.  Nationalist Movements o Armed struggle to repel the invaders. o Strengthening values to resist cultural domination.  Protests at home o Imperialism as the tool of the rich. o Immorality of subjugation o Iron of more democratic governments institutionalizing inequality.

10.  Colonies – An area where a foreign power has established a government that exerts direct control over the native people and resources.  Protectorate – Allowing the rulers to be in power once they agree to follow the advice of a Western advisor.  Sphere of Influence – An area in which a foreign power claims and maintains sole trading privileges.

11.  Before European Conquest o North Africa is largely part of the Muslim world. It includes the coast along the Mediterranean and the Sahara. o West Africa and East Africa were also largely impacted by Islam. o Southern Africa was largely dominated by the Zulus under the leadership of King Shaka

12.  Explorers o Explorers lead the way in mapping much of Africa. o Usually more concerned with geography then the people that they met.  Missionaries o With the trail having been blazed missionaries followed explorers into Africa o They hoped to help the people of Africa. o Brought Christianity, built schools and clinics. o Viewed African’s as children in need of direction, very “paternalistic.

13.  King Leopold II o Established a hold on the African Congo o Exploited its resources and people mercilessly o His actions pushed other nations to begin staking claims o Mutilated and Murdered thousands of Africans for wealth.

14.  Berlin Conference, 1884 o A gathering of European powers held in Berlin. o This was a means of avoiding war between the powers. o It established ground rules for staking claims in Africa.

15.  By 1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia remain independent. o Liberia has support from the U.S. as an ex-slave colony. o Ethiopia defeats the Italians A Christian nation In the late 19 th Century King Menelik II emerges Unites the country under his rule. Modernizes the country with an infrastructure Creates a modern army.