1. From a Housing Problem to a Financial Crisis U.S. Housing Prices since 2000

2. Easy Money Policy Capital Inflows Eager Home Buyers Innovative Banks Rating Agencies Ambitious Mortgage Brokers Securitization  MBSs Escalating House Prices Gov’t Sponsored Enterprises Developer Clout Bank Regulators The best of times A “Global Saving Glut”

3. Easy Money Policy Capital Inflows Eager Home Buyers Innovative Banks Rating Agencies Ambitious Mortgage Brokers Securitization  MBSs Escalating House Prices Gov’t Sponsored Enterprises Developer Clout Bank Regulators The best of times

4. The Ted Spread since 2007

5. The Use and Limits of Policy Yields on 10-Year U.S. Government Treasury, AAA, and BBB Corporate Bonds since 2007

6. Easy Money Policy Capital Inflows Eager Home Buyers Innovative Banks Rating Agencies Ambitious Mortgage Brokers Securitization  MBSs Escalating House Prices Gov’t Sponsored Enterprises Developer Clout Bank Regulators The best of times

7. U.S. Consumer and Business Confidence, since 2007

8. The T-Bill Rate, since 2007

9. Responses: No Bank Left Behind Lender of Last Resort / Spender of Last Resort Tax Rebate $124 bil. Fed Fund Rate Cuts Fannie/Freddie $200 bil. Bear-Stearns $29 bil. AIG $174 bil. Fed “Facilities” Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF) $58 bil. Treasury Security Loan Facility (TSLF) $133 bil. Term Auction Facility (TAF) $416 bil. Asset- Backed Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF) $1,777 bil. Money Market Investor Funding Facility (MMIFF) $540 bil. More Fed Fund Rate Cuts … Hold At ~0% Fed Purchases of Long-Term Securities: GSEs & MBSs $600 bil. Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) $200 bil. Emergency Economic Stabilization Act/TARP $700 bil. Government Loans Government Equity Stimulus Package $787 bil. aka The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act TARP II Stress Tests

10. Money Demand, Money Supply, and the Liquidity Trap

11. LM Curve in the Presence of a Liquidity Trap

12. The IS–LM Model and the Liquidity Trap

13. The Interest Rate in Japan since 1990. Japan has been in a liquidity trap since the mid-1990s.

14. Government Spending and Revenues (as percent of GDP), Japan, since 1990. Increasing government spending and decreasing revenues have led to steadily larger deficits.

15. The Slow Recovery The Liquidity Trap and Adjustment Failure

16. Do Banking Crises Affect the Natural Level of Output? The Evolution of Output after Four Banking Crises