1. The Rise Of Dictatorial Regimes
Chapter 17, Section 2
The Rise Of Dictatorial Regimes

2. The Rise of Dictators By 1939 A Totalitarian State
France and Great Britain still Democratic
Soviet Union, Germany, and many others have become dictatorships.
A Totalitarian State
A government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its people.
Used mass propaganda and new technology
Led by a single leader and a single party
Traded individual freedom for the collective will of the masses.

3. Fascism in Italy Benito Mussolini Fascism:
Created the League of Combat
Fascio di combattimento
Fascism:
Emphasizes a strong central government, lead by a dictatorial ruler. People are controlled by the government and anyone who disagrees is dealt with in force.

4. Fascism on the rise Mussolini grows out of the hardships caused by WWI
Creates a group called the Squadristi
Italians feared that there would be a Socialist revolution or a Communist takeover
The Squadristi use violence to fight against socialist ideas
They demand more land for Italy and this gains the support through patriotism and nationalism

5. Takeover of Government and the Fascist State
“either we are allowed to govern or we will seize power”
King Victor Emmanuel III gives over power
Outlaw all other political parties and establish secret police OVRA
Il Duce
Brainwashing the population
Media - “Mussolini is always right”

6. Failures of Mussolini Youth Groups
Portrayed families as the center of society
Women were born to be homemakers
Failures of Mussolini
Never gained total control
Compromise with the Catholic church
Lanteran Accords
Established the Vatican City as an independent area for the church
The Church recognized and promoted the catholic state

7. A New Era for the Soviet Union
Communist under Lenin
After WWI peasants begin to sabotage the Communist system
Lenin’s NEP (New Economic Policy)
Peasants and merchants could sell products openly, but industry, banking, and mining were still controlled by the government
1922, Russia becomes the U.S.S.R.
This combination of policies from Lenin saved the Soviet Union from economic crisis.

8. Shift from Lenin to Stalin
Lenin dies in 1922
Politburo – had been the policy making body of the Communist party, becomes divided.
The two strongest groups were lead by Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin
Stalin had a position which allowed him to appoint officials
Appoints thousands of supporters
Trotsky is expelled from the party in 1927

9. Stalin’s 5-Year Plans
1928 – Ends the NEP and implements his first 5 Year Plan
Maximum production of capital goods and weapons
Huge increases in production were made
Came at the cost of low wages and extremely poor living conditions for workers. Laws even limited where workers could move.
Collectivization: Government owned all of the land and peasants worked on it.

10. Costs of Stalin’s Program
10 million peasants die in 1932 and 1933
Great Purge of the 1930’s
In his desire for power, Stalin arrested 8 million Russians and sent many to labor camps in Siberia
Extreme restrictions on the lifestyles of the people.

11. Authoritarian States in the West
Authoritarianism:
Adopt some features of totalitarianism (police force), but focus on preserving society rather than reinventing it
Most countries established democracies after WWI
These systems are largely replaced

12. Reasons Democracy Failed
No tradition of Democracy
Rural and Agrarian Societies
Uneducated peasants
Ethnic and Religious conflicts
Fear of revolution made authoritarian systems logical because they would maintain the old system

13. Spain
Francisco Franco – Lead a military attack on the Democratic government.
Caused a bloody Civil War
Italy and Germany aid Franco
The Soviet Union aids the government
Franco wins the war by capturing Madrid in 1939
He then established a dictatorship
Favored traditional groups like landowners, businesspeople, and the Catholic church.
Makes him authoritarian rather than totalitarian

14. 17.3: Hitler and Nazi Germany
Hitler’s Background and Views
Born in Austria
Performed poorly in school and moved to Vienna to pursue art
3 Beliefs
Racism (especially anti-Semitism)
Extreme nationalism (political parties could effectively use propaganda and fear)
Need for struggle

15. Joins the German Workers’ Party
Quickly takes control and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers Party
The Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler tried to overtake the government but was caught
Sentenced to jail time and wrote Mein Kampf while in jail

16. Nazis on the Rise
Hitler released from prison, increased the popularity of the Nazi party
It became the largest party in the Reichstag (German parliament)
Promised a New Germany
Appealed to the masses, had large numbers of followers

17. Nazism is Successful
President Hindenburg gives control over to Hitler in order to prevent a Communist takeover
Hitler completely controls Germany
March 23, 1933: Enabling Act
Gave the government the power to ignore the Constitution for 4 years
Opposition placed in concentration camps and all other political parties dissolved
Hindenburg dies and Hitler becomes the Führer

18. Nazi Control Fought for complete control by the Aryan race Third Reich
First: Holy Roman Empire
Second: German Empire
Pursued this through totalitarianism
Total control/power

19. State of Terror Schutzstaffeln (SS) Originally Hitler’s bodyguards
Then used to maintain order
Led by Heinrich Himmler, lead all police forces in Germany and ensured Nazi Rule
2 Main Goals
Terror through repression and murder (secret police, criminal police, concentration camps, later execution squads and death camps)
Ideology- further the Aryan race

20. Economics
Public works projects, grants, and re-armament pull Germany from the Great Depression
Unemployment in 1932: 6 million
In 1934: 2.6 million
In 1937: less than 500,000

21. Organizations Nuremberg Party Rallies: every September
Evoked mass enthusiasm and excitement
Nazis controlled education and churches
Professional organizations and leagues formed for civil servants, teachers, women, farmers, doctors, lawyers
Also youth organizations to teach Nazi ideals

22. Women
Seen as the bearers of the children who would bring triumph to the Aryan race
Pushed to stay out of work
Those who did work went into nursing or social work

23. Anti-Semitism
Nuremberg laws: no citizenship, no intermarriage, and forced Jews to wear the Star of David
Kristallnacht: “night of shattered glass”
Nazis burned synagogues and businesses
Sent 30,000 Jews to concentration camps
Barred from public services

24. Led to More Drastic Steps
Jews barred from all public transportation and all public buildings including hospitals and schools
Prohibited from owning, managing, or working in any retail store
Forced to clean up all debris and damage due to Kristallnacht
Encouraged to “emigrate from Germany” under direction of the SS