2. Archaebacteria & Bacteria Classification Old 5 Kingdom system Monera Protists Plants Fungi Animals New 3 Domain system Bacteria Archaebacteria Eukaryotes –Protists –Plants –Fungi –Animals Prokaryote Eukaryote

3. Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor

4. Simple Bacterial Cell make certain to copy the URL

5. Prokaryote cell COMPOSITION! Macromolecule Primary Subunits Where found in cell Proteins amino acids Flagella, pili, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, cytoplasm Polysaccharides sugars (carbohydrates) capsules, inclusions (storage), cell walls Phospholipids fatty acids membranes Nucleic Acids nucleotides DNA: nucleoid (chromosome), plasmids (DNA/RNA) rRNA: ribosomes; mRNA, tRNA: cytoplasm

6. Prokaryote cell Structure Unicellular –bacilli, cocci, spirilli Size –1/10 size of eukaryote cell 1 micron (1um) Internal structure –no internal compartments no membrane-bound organelles only ribosomes –circular, naked DNA not wrapped around proteins

7. Morphology Cocci – Staph aureus Bacillus – Bacillus anthracis Spirilla - Borrelia burgdorferi

8. “department of redundancancy department” – more “mor”phology

9. Staining Characteristics Gram + Gram – Stains according to the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer!

10. Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure peptide side chains cell wall peptidoglycan plasma membrane protein Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria peptidoglycan plasma membrane outer membrane outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides cell wall peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides

11. Prokaryotic metabolism How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients? –autotrophs acquire carbon from inorganic sources(CO2) –phototrophs photosynthetic bacteria –chemotrophs oxidize inorganic compounds/chemicals –nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen… –heterotrophs live on plant & animal matter decomposers & pathogens

12. Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary) Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria –decomposers recycling of nutrients from dead to living –nitrogen fixation only organisms that can fix N 2 from atmosphere –needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids –plant root nodules –help in digestion (E. coli) digest cellulose for herbivores –cellulase enzyme produce vitamins K & B 12 for humans –produce foods & medicines from yogurt to insulin

13. Genetic variation in bacteria Mutations –bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes binary fission –error rate in copying DNA 1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation Genetic recombination –bacteria swap genes plasmids –small supplemental circles of DNA

14. The END!!!!!!! As far as learning is concerned – “DO or DO NOT there is not try!!!!!”