1. Lecture 25, 01 Dec 2003 08 Dec Planning Recap Conservation and Economics (CH12) Conservation Biology ECOL 406R/506R University of Arizona Fall 2003 Kevin Bonine

2. A. Economics of Conservation B. Syllabus (for Wed: readings, grading criteria, article summary) C. Naming the Creativity Forum: 1- Bionetworks: A Forum on Conservation Biology 2- Conservation In An Instant: Seven problems and seven solutions that you can start working on today! 3- A Conservation Awareness Event 4- Challenge yourself to be Earth Friendly 5- Conservation Meets Creativity: The message of biodiversity comes in many forms

3. Exam 3:

4. Conservation Meets Creativity : Half Page handout for 08 Dec. (Christopher, Bridget, Amy, Leonides are liasons) Choose leader to work with other groups (see above) Project and presentation title (all are emailing KEB, then vote) Your display needs (table?, computer?, vertical surface, pins, tape, etc.) Help with tables, display boards, etc. (time slot folks will contribute) Time slots to be filled (8-1?) -Sign up sheet passed around (see next slide) Creativity Project Grading Criteria (to be posted with project) -Turn in on Wed. 03 Dec. as well Advertising Flier ideas (Cori Carveth is working on this and an informational email) Wildcat? (Ben Joslin dealing with ads and reporter) Refreshments? (many people bringing hand-holdable edibles) Suggestion and Feedback box (Dana Backer) Laptop with Ecological Footprint (Cori Carveth) Numbers for each entry, Grading sheets, (KEB will bring) Slide Projector for Jenna (KEB will order) DRAFT WED DRAFT TUES?

5. Monday 08 December Schedule, Forbes Lobby: (all are welcome to assist at anytime) 8:00 - 9:00Please bring and set up your presentation 8:20 - 9:00 Display boards delivered, need to be put together 10:20 or 10:30 Main unveiling and presentation Aid and attendance: 8-9Ben, Bridget, ~Louise 9-10Lauren, Galia, Amy 10-11:15 406R,506R everyone (need to grade all presentations including your own) 11-12Ginny, Jordana, Meghan 12-13Jenna, Cori, Galia

6. Economics of Conservation Van Dyke Ch 12 1. Role of Human Population Growth 2. Neoclassical Economics 3. Externalities  4. Environmental Economics etc. 5. Genuine Progress Indicator 6. Examples $

7. Ricklefs 2001 Human Population Growth Exponential Growth Logistic Growth Ricklefs 2001 VanDyke 2003

8. 1-6 Miller, 2003 1 million people added ~ every 5 days Role of Human Population Growth…

9. Demographic Transition Miller, 2003 harsh Most developing countries Much of Europe Most developed countries (and U.S.) Role of Human Population Growth…

10. Miller, 2003 your Fig 5-9 Age Structure Diagrams - note age of reproduction - currently 30% under 15 (=1.7 billion)

11. Developed Countries 1.2 billion people (~19%) high average per capita purchasing power have 85% world’s wealth use 88% natural resources generate 75% waste and pollution Developing Countries 81% of the people have 15% world’s wealth use 12% world’s natural resources produce 25% waste and pollution I = P A T Environmental Impact = Population x Affluence X Technology (consumption per person) Poor parents in a developing country need to have 70-200 children to equal the impact of 2 U.S. children (of a society) (impact of each unit of consumption)

12. - Law of Conservation of Matter all atoms conserved there is no “away” Relevant Laws - First Law of Thermodynamics: energy neither created or destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another - Second Law of Thermodynamics: when energy changed from one form to another, some of the useful energy degraded to low quality, dispersed, less useful energy (usually lost as heat; entropy)

13. Economy= system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services Driven by wants and needs of govt, society, individuals Decisions about A. what goods and services B. how produce C. how much D. how distribute are made by individuals, governments, businesses Use resources: A. natural B. human C. financial D. manufactured to make goods and services Supply and Demand Traditional Neoclassical Economics (Miller 2003):

14. Command (government) Capitalist Market System ~monopoly ~global free trade gov’t subisidies/tax breaks/”insurance” withhold information maximize profits (pass costs to others, future) Free Market (markets competition information full cost pricing) Traditional Neoclassical Economics (Miller 2003):

15. Government Intervention: -Prevent monopolies -Dampen boom and bust cycles -Basic services -Social security, welfare -Stem fraud and other crime -Disaster relief -Protect common-property resources -Manage public lands -etc. Traditional Neoclassical Economics (Miller 2003): Bush Tax Cuts:Mean tax savings to top 1% over 4 years: $103,999 to bottom 20%: $45 Percent of tax benefits accruing to bottom 60%: 8.5 to top 1%: 38.9% of benefits (Utne Reader Nov-Dec 2003)

16. Internal Market Costs vs. Externalities -External to Market Forces -Noise -Pollution -Acid rain -Erosion -Global Warming -Eutrophication -Disease -Asthma -Birth Defects -Behavior and Intelligence VanDyke, 2003

18. Pollution (marginal costs, marginal benefits) Education example... =14-5 Miller 2003 =14-6 Miller 2003

19. Blaustein

20. Fossil Fuels -Oil -Natural Gas -Coal Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) - 1/5 land in wildlife refuge system - 19% chance of finding enough oil to supply U.S. for 24 months - Persian Gulf oil cheaper - lots oil spills likely - pipelines vulnerable - fragile tundra - impact acreage - fuel efficiency better route Miller, 2003 oil

21. Fossil Fuels -Oil -Natural Gas -Coal Miller, 2003 coal Natural gas

22. Nuclear Energy Miller, 2003 Accidents catastrophic sabotage? Chernobyl, Three-Mile Island What to do with Radioactive Waste? - 10k-240k years - bury it (ground) - bury it (ice) - bury it (ocean) - shoot into space - descending subduction zones Yucca Mountain, NV - leaks, faults, volcanoes - 6 shipments/day for 30 years Nuclear Weapons

23. VanDyke, 2003 -Tragedy of the Commons e.g., grazing, fishing -Market Failure

24. =14-1 Miller 2003 Conventional Neoclassical Economics -Private Property -Economic Growth always good -Allocate based on price -More always better for an individual (utility curves)

25. Ecological or Environmental Economics =14-2 Miller 2003 Scavengers are key; we can’t really throw things away. Return to pre-neoclassical ideas

26. VanDyke, 2003 ~1700 ~2000 Overwhelm?

27. What is the purpose of the economic system? -to what end all of this wealth? Ultimate value beyond market? 0-Classical Economics 1-Environmental Economics (catch-all term, think cyclically) 2-Steady-State Economics (John Stuart Mill 1700’s, Herman E. Daly) - in = out - ‘Virtue and character higher goals than material wealth.’ 3-Sustainable Development (Lester Brown) - do away with many subsidies - replace income tax with environmental tax Stocks and Flows,  Entropy Nicolas Georges-Roegen ~”a Cadillac now means fewer human lives later”

28. Miller, 2003 Natural Capital and Natural Resources: -everything flowing in natural economy and human economy

29. Economic Growth vs. Development -efficiency, sophistication, utility Nonrival (air to breathe) or nonexclusive goods (UV protection from ozone) -Producer Pays/Polluter Pays -Dramatically less waste (packaging, scrubber sludge) -Taxation/Subsidies -Pollution Rights -Precautionary Principle -Insurance Government strategies and regulation -Stable, democratic government required? Product itself

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