1. Balancing work and non-working life Alona Shemesh Labour Division, Central Bureau of Statistics, Jerusalem, Israel June 2008

2. 2 The goal The major goal of the paper was to develop new indicators and recommendations in the dimension of balancing work and non- working life.

3. 3 Background The dramatic increase in the participation of mothers in the labour force. YearIn Civilian Labour Force 198739% 199746% 200751%

4. 4 Background The main explanation for this increase: The rise in women ’ s levels of education The decline in the average number of children per household The establishment of support frameworks for working women (such as afternoon care centers)

5. 5 A - Employment rates of women aged 20-49 B - Special leave C - Working arrangements and childcare Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

6. 6 A - Employment rates of women aged 20-49 Main indicator: Ratio or gap of Employment Rate for Women with or without Children Aged 20-49 Complementary indicators: Main indicator by household type (single mothers), by age of youngest child

7. 7 Proposed Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life Ratio of the Employment Rate for Women with Children Under Compulsory School Age to the Employment Rate of All women Aged 20-49 Indicator200620052004200320022001 Employment rate for women aged 20- 49 with children under compulsory school age 57.155.353.252.251.751.6 Employment rate of all women aged 20- 49 62.561.760.059.358.959.4 Ratio 0.910.900.890.88 0.87 (a) Employed women aged 20-49 years with children under 5 years of age (b) Excl. females in kibbutzim, females living outside localities (Bedouins in the South and others) and in institutions (c) Source: LFS

8. 8 New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life Absolute differences in employment rates for women aged 20-49 without any children, versus those with children under compulsory school age Absolute differences in employment rates for women aged 20-49 without any children, versus those with children under compulsory school age Indicator200620052004200320022001 Employment rate for women aged 20- 49 with children under compulsory school age 57.155.353.252.251.751.6 Employment rate of all women aged 20- 49 62.561.760.059.358.959.4 Absolute difference 5.46.46.97.17.37.8 (a) Employed women aged 20-49 years with children under 5 years of age (b) Excl. females in kibbutzim, females living outside localities (Bedouins in the South and others) and in institutions (c) Source: LFS

9. 9 New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life Ratio of the employment rate for single women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age to the employment rate of married women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age Ratio of the employment rate for single women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age to the employment rate of married women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age (a) Employed women aged 20-49 years with children under 5 years of age (b) Excl. females in kibbutzim, females living outside localities (Bedouins in the South and others) and in institutions (c) Source: LFS Indicator200620052004200320022001 single women Employment rate for single women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age 57.461.249.140.245.340.7 Employment rate for married women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age 56.954.853.252.851.952.1 Ratio 1.011.120.920.760.870.78

10. 10 Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children, by age of youngest child Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children, by age of youngest child (a) Source: LFS New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life Indicator 200620052004200320022001 Employment rate for women aged 20- 49 with children, by age of youngest child Table 1 Table 1: Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children, by age of youngest child, 2001-2006

11. 11 Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children, by age of youngest child, 2001,2006 The more children a woman has and the younger the children are, the lower the probability that she will work

12. 12 B - Special leave Main indicator: Paid maternity leave (in weeks) Complementary indicators: Maternity benefits (% of average wage)

13. 13 Proposed Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life Existence and type of paid family leave Existence and type of paid family leave (a) Paid maternity leave (in weeks) according to law Indicator200720062005200420032002 Existence and type of paid family leave 1412 Paid maternity leave (in weeks) Paid maternity leave (in weeks)

14. 14 New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life The availability of paid maternity leave and childcare facilities can substantially affect the possibilities of women ’ s participation in the labour force. Maternity benefits (% of average wage) Maternity benefits (% of average wage) Indicator200720062005200420032002 Maternity benefits (% of average wage) 100

15. 15 C - Working arrangements and childcare Main indicator: Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age of the youngest child Complementary indicators: Satisfaction with the flexibility of conditions for child care at the workplace

16. 16 New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life Satisfaction with the flexibility of conditions for child care at the workplace Satisfaction with the flexibility of conditions for child care at the workplace The women expressed higher levels of satisfaction (82%) with the flexibility of conditions for child care in the workplace than did the men. Employed persons aged 20 and over and parents with children aged 0-13 in the household, who are "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with the flexibility of conditions in the workplace, by sex, 2004, (%)

17. 17 New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life Difficulty taking care of your children because of responsibilities at work Only 66% of the women had never or only seldom had difficulty taking care of their children because of responsibilities at work. Employed persons aged 20 and over and parents with children aged 0-13 in the household, who " never " or "only seldom " had difficulty taking care of their children because of responsibilities at work, by sex, 2004, (%)

18. 18 New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age of the youngest child Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age of youngest child, 2006(%) (a) Couples with the youngest child under 5 years of age, and couples with the youngest child aged 5 to 17. (b) The total ("All couples") includes homosexual couples and couples in which a member is an employed person whose usual extent of work not known. (c) Source: LFS

19. 19 New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age of the youngest child Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age of youngest child, 2006(%) 11.9% 34.1% 54.0%

20. 20 Summary Several indicators of the dimension of balancing work and non-working life were examined on the basis of data from existing sources. The main source of data for these indicators was the Labour Force Survey. This paper demonstrates that family situation is of crucial relevance in examining work-life balance. Moreover, we have highlighted the need of establishing adequate facilities to assist working mothers with child care.

21. 21 Indicators for discussion: A - Employment rates of women aged 20-49 Main indicator: Ratio or gap of Employment Rate for Women with or without Children Aged 20-49 Complementary indicators: Main indicator by household type (single mothers), by age of youngest child B - Special leave Main indicator: Paid maternity leave (in weeks) Complementary indicators: Maternity benefits (% of average wage) C - Working arrangements and childcare Main indicator: Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age of the youngest child Complementary indicators: Satisfaction with the flexibility of conditions for child care at the workplace