1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Biology http://dl.dropbox.com/u/31969076 /Modern%20Biology%20Student %20Edition.pdf http://dl.dropbox.com/u/31969076 /Modern%20Biology%20Student %20Edition.pdf

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Science of Life Chapter 1 Table of Contents Section 1 The World of Biology Section 2 Themes in Biology Section 3 The Study of Biology Section 4 Tools and Techniques

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Objectives Relate the relevance of biology to a person’s daily life. Describe the importance of biology in human society. List the characteristics of living things. Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organisms. Distinguish between homeostasis and metabolism and between growth, development, and reproduction.

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Biology and You Biology and Society –Biology is the study of life and can be used to both solve societal problems and explain aspects of our daily lives.

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 What is life? Characteristics of Life –Living things share the same 7 characteristics: organization and cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and evolution. Influenza virus: Is it alive?

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued 1. Organization and Cells –Organization is the high degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world. –A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can perform all life’s processes.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Organization: The eye

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The rods and cones of the retina

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued Organization and Cells –Unicellular organisms are made of single cells. –Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells and show a hierarchy of organization going from the organism to the atom.

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Organisms are made up of: –organism –organ system –organs –tissues –cells –molecules –atoms Figure 1.1

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued 2. Response to Stimuli –Another characteristic of life is that an organism can respond to a stimulus—a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/moviegallery/ pondscum/coelenterata/hydra/index.htmlhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/moviegallery/ pondscum/coelenterata/hydra/index.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQsb-b5Ieqs

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued 3. Homeostasis –All living things have mechanisms that allow them to maintain stable internal conditions. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing. caribou

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued 4. Metabolism –Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued 5. Growth and Development –The growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells. –Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult. http://www.dnatube.com/video/1127/Human-Reproduction-Fertilization- and-Fetal-Developmenthttp://www.dnatube.com/video/1127/Human-Reproduction-Fertilization- and-Fetal-Development http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPMP68QP698 http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=fals e&id=5434687&m=5434835http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=fals e&id=5434687&m=5434835 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/04/23/high-pitch-only-teens- can_n_98304.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/04/23/high-pitch-only-teens- can_n_98304.html

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued 6. Reproduction –Living organisms pass on hereditary information from parents to offspring, also called reproduction.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Figure 9.16 Skin Color Melanin comes in two types: pheomelanin (red) and eumelanin (very dark brown). Both amount and type are determined by four to six genes which operate under incomplete dominance. (which means that the offspring will be a mix of both parents)

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued 7. Change Through Time--- Evolution –Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time.

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 1 Evolution Section 1 The World of Biology

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu “Lack of” EVOLUTION of the Cavendish Banana http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008- 06/can-fruit-be-saved?page=3

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Banana Plantation How does a Cavendish carry out reproduction?

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Demise of the Banana

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Objectives Identify three important themes that help explain the living world. Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified. Describe how living organisms are interdependent. Summarize why evolution is an important theme in biology.

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 1. Diversity and Unity of Life Unity in the Diversity of Life –Life is so diverse,or full of variety. Yet, life is also characterized by unity, or features that all living things have in common.

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 1. Diversity and Unity of Life, continued Unity in the Diversity of Life –The tree of life shows that all living things have descended with modification from a single common ancestor. Yet, there are many different lineages, or branches, representing different species.

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Astrobiologists study extremophiles. Astrobiology is the field concerned with forming theories, such as panspermia, about the distribution, nature, and future of life in the universe. In it, microbial ecologists, astronomers, planetary scientists, geochemists, philosophers, and explorers cooperate constructively to guide the search for life on other planets. Astrobiologists are particularly interested in studying extremophiles, as many organisms of this type are capable of surviving in environments similar to those known to exist on other planets. For example, Mars may have regions in its deep subsurface permafrost that could harbor endolith communities. The subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's moon Europa may harbor life, especially at hypothesized hydrothermal vents at the ocean floor.panspermiaendolith JupiterEuropa

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 1 Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms Section 2 Themes in Biology

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 1. Diversity and Unity of Life, continued Three Domains of Life –The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. –The six kingdoms include Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 2. Interdependence of Organisms Organisms live in interdependent communities and interact with both organisms and the environment.

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 3. Evolution of Life Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations. Evolution helps to explain how species came to exist, have changed over time, and possess adaptations to their environment.

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 3. Evolution of Life, continued Natural Selection –Natural selection is a process by which organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits. –Natural selection can lead to the evolution of populations.

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Evolution results from Natural Selection Peppered Moth --Biston betularia) Change in the frequency of genetic material of a population of organisms from one generation to the next which could potentially lead to speciation.genetic materialorganisms

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Objectives Outline the main steps in the scientific method. Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses. List the elements of a controlled experiment. Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions. Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory. State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias.

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Science as a Process Steps of the Scientific Method –The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, making predictions, designing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Scientific Processes Collecting observations Asking questions/ background research Forming hypotheses and making predictions Confirming predictions with experiments Discovery Science vs Hypothesis Science vs Synthesis Science…examples? Collect Data/Analyze Results Drawing conclusions

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Observation Question/Background Research Formulate a Hypothesis Experiment Collect/Analyze Results Conclusion Hypothesis is False Hypothesis is True/Communicate ScIEnTIFIC meThodScIEnTIFIC meThod

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 1 Scientific Method- A Frozen Fish Pond Section 3 The Study of Biology

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Observing and Asking Questions The process of science begins with an observation. An observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question. An observation is made with one or more of the five senses. What are the five senses?

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Stare at the bottom star on the left for 30 seconds. Look Away Quickly What do you see?

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Research-Color Vision With Additive color shades are created by combining different quantities of the primary colors. Combination of the primary colors appears white. The primary colors are red, green and blue. The complementary colors are cyan, and magenta and yellow. Define : complementary colors

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Taste

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu taste

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu taste

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 1 Scientific Method- A Frozen Fish Pond Section 3 The Study of Biology

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Observation/Question/Research Observation- The carp in the pond can live through the cold winter. Background Research-Research your observation in search of what is already known. –How do fish live through the winter in an apparently frozen backyard pond? Do they maintain homeostasis? Are most fish warm blooded or cold blooded? What does this mean? What other things would you like to know?

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Background Research /Question Question: Formulate a question about a natural phenomenon that is intriguing to you. –What will happen to respiration rate of a goldfish when placed in water of a steadily decreasing temperature?

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Forming a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions. Predicting with your hypothesis With a hypothesis, scientists make a prediction that logically follows in a test situation from the hypothesis.

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Forming a Hypothesis, continued Predict a possible answer to the problem or question about your observation. What will happen to respiration rate of a goldfish when placed in water of a steadily decreasing temperature ? What will you measure? What would your graphs and tables look like? Design your data collection vehicle before you start collecting data. What are your hypotheses?

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu H a, H b, Null Hypothesis If goldfish are exposed to water temperatures which steadily decrease, then their respiratory rate (operculum movement) will also decrease. If goldfish are exposed to water temperatures which steadily decrease, then their respiratory rate (operculum movement) will increase. If goldfish are exposed to water temperatures which steadily decrease, then their respiratory rate (operculum movement) will remain unchanged.

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment Designing the Experiment –A controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control group and only has one variable.

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 1 Controlled Experiment and Variable Section 3 The Study of Biology

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment, continued Performing the Experiment –The control group provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group. –The experimental group is identical to the control group except for one factor (independent variable).

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment, continued Performing the Experiment –The experimenter manipulates the independent variable. The independent variable is the manipulated variable. –The experimenter measures the dependent variable because it is affected by the independent variable. The dependent variable “depends” on the independent variable. –The model system we chose is the goldfish. How would our experiment be set up?

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment, continued Testing the Experiment –Experiments should be conducted without bias and they should be repeated. –Data collection devices are designed before experimentation takes place. Number (%) of Reviews Article ConclusionTobacco Affiliated Authors (n=31) Non-Tobacco Affiliated Authors (n=75) Passive smoking harmful2 (6%) 65 (87%) Passive smoking not harmful29 (94%) 10 (13%) SignificanceΧ 2 =60.69; P<.001

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Collecting and Analyzing Data Analyzing and Comparing Data –Scientists analyze data to draw conclusions about the experiment performed. –What statistical tests should we perform? How will they help us draw conclusions? –What will we learn about the ability of the goldfish to maintain homeostasis in our lab experiment?

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Drawing Conclusions Making Inferences –An inference is a conclusion made on the basis of facts and previous knowledge rather than on direct observations.

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Drawing Conclusions, continued Applying Results and Building Models –Scientists often apply their findings about the natural world to solve practical problems. Did we accept or reject the Null hypothesis? What did we learn about the goldfish and its ability to withstand the cold winter in the backyard pond?

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Constructing a Theory A theory is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data. Are we able to construct a theory?

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Communicating Ideas Publishing a Paper –Scientists submit research papers to scientific journals for publication. –In peer review, the editors of a journal will send submitted papers out to experts in the field who anonymously read and critique the paper.

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Honesty and Bias Communication between scientists about their methods and results helps prevent dishonesty and bias in science.

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Honesty and Bias Conflict of Interest –The threat of a potential scandal based on misleading data or conclusions is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair. Number (%) of Reviews Article ConclusionTobacco Affiliated Authors (n=31) Non-Tobacco Affiliated Authors (n=75) Passive smoking harmful2 (6%)65 (87%) Passive smoking not harmful29 (94%)10 (13%) Significance Χ 2 =60.69; P<.001

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Observation An observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question Question/Background Research Propose a testable explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions. Make a prediction: If…then… Formulate a Hypothesis Research your observation in search of what is already known Experiment A controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control group and has only one variable. Collect/Analyze Results Conclusion Hypothesis is False Scientists analyze data to draw conclusions about the experiment performed. Scientists often apply their findings about the natural world to solve practical problems Reject the Null Hypothesis??? Hypothesis is True/Communicate ScIEnTIFIC meThodScIEnTIFIC meThod

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tools and Techniques Chapter 1 Objectives List the function of each of the major parts of a compound microscope. Compare two kinds of electron microscopes. Describe the importance of having the SI system of measurement. State some examples of good laboratory practice.

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools Light Microscopes –A compound light microscope is a microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an image. –Four major parts of a compound light microscope are the ocular lens, objective lens, stage, and light source.

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools Light Microscopes –The eyepiece or ocular lens magnifies the image. –The objective lens magnifies the specimen. –The stage is a platform that supports slides with specimens. –The light source is a light bulb that provides light for viewing images.

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Schematic of Light Microscope

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools, continued Magnification and Resolution –Magnification is the increase of an object’s apparent size. In the light microsocope: The two lenses are the ocular and objective lens. To determine magnification, multiply the magnifying power of the ocular by the magnifying power of the objective lens. –Resolution is the power to show details clearly in an image.

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscopes

71. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Magnification Limitations of Various Microscopes MicroscopeMagnification Limitations Light1000 x – 1200 x SEM100,000 x TEM200,000 x

72. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Resolution in a light microscope is limited by the wavelength of light Polarized light

73. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Magnification and Resolution Resolution a. a measure of clarity b. minimum distance between two points that can still be distinct as two points.

74. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Increasing Resolution

75. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Decreasing Resolution

76. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Resolution

77. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Resolution

78. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools, continued Electron Microscopes –In an electron microscope, instead of white light, a beam of electrons produces an enlarged image of the specimen. –Electron microscopes provide greater magnification and resolution than light microscopes.

79. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools, continued Electron Microscopes –Scanning electron microscopes pass a beam of electrons over the specimen’s surface for better viewing the external surface of a specimen.

80. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Transmission electron microscopes transmit a beam of electrons through a thinly sliced specimen for better viewing the internal structures of a specimen

81. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu TEM Passes thru, dead SEM-3D Reflects, dead Light Reflects, live SEM,TEM, Light: Advantages and Disadvantages

82. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Units of Measurement Base and Other Units –Scientists use a single, standard system of measurement, called the metric system. The official name of the metric system is Système International d’Unités or SI.

83. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Units of Measurement Base and Other Units –The metric system has seven base units.

84. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Safety Good Laboratory Practice –Lab safety involves safe and common-sense habits such as never working alone in a lab or without proper supervision by the teacher.

85. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following does evolution help explain? A. how organisms reproduce B. how organisms grow and develop C. how organisms are related to each other D. how organisms obtain and metabolize energy Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

86. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which of the following does evolution help explain? A. how organisms reproduce B. how organisms grow and develop C. how organisms are related to each other D. how organisms obtain and metabolize energy Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

87. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following is the hereditary material in most living things? F. DNA G. lipids H. oxygen J. carbon dioxide Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

88. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following is the hereditary material in most living things? F. DNA G. lipids H. oxygen J. carbon dioxide Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

89. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following does the hierarchy of organization within an organism describe? A. metabolism B. homeostasis C. internal structures D. relationship to the physical environment Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

90. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following does the hierarchy of organization within an organism describe? A. metabolism B. homeostasis C. internal structures D. relationship to the physical environment Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

91. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. To which of the following does the resolution of a microscope refer? F. its ability to show detail clearly G. its power to scan the surface of an object H. its series of interchangeable objective lenses J. its power to increase an object’s apparent size Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

92. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. To which of the following does the resolution of a microscope refer? F. its ability to show detail clearly G. its power to scan the surface of an object H. its series of interchangeable objective lenses J. its power to increase an object’s apparent size Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

93. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. An owl strikes a mouse more closely and on target in which of the following rooms? A. dark room B. light room C. heated room D. dark and lighted rooms Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep The graph below shows the distance it takes an owl to strike a mouse under different conditions. Use the graph to answer the question that follows.

94. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. An owl strikes a mouse more closely and on target in which of the following rooms? A. dark room B. light room C. heated room D. dark and lighted rooms Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep The graph below shows the distance it takes an owl to strike a mouse under different conditions. Use the graph to answer the question that follows.

95. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. compound light microscope : light :: TEM : F. tissues G. electrons H. organelles J. organ systems Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

96. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. compound light microscope : light :: TEM : F. tissues G. electrons H. organelles J. organ systems Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

97. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 7. Which of the following terms most accurately reflects the use of the term theory in the newspaper headline? A. law B. fact C. hypothesis D. experiment Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep The figure below shows a newspaper clipping. Use the figure to answer the question that follows.

98. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 7. Which of the following terms most accurately reflects the use of the term theory in the newspaper headline? A. law B. fact C. hypothesis D. experiment Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep The figure below shows a newspaper clipping. Use the figure to answer the question that follows.

99. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response Dolly was cloned from mammary cells from an adult female sheep. She was an exact genetic copy of her mother. Explain whether Dolly represents a product of sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction. Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

100. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued Dolly was cloned from mammary cells from an adult female sheep. She was an exact genetic copy of her mother. Explain whether Dolly represents a product of sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction. Answer: Dolly is a product of asexual reproduction because she is the offspring of only one individual and a clone of that individual’s DNA. Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

101. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Extended Response Life is so diverse, yet it is characterized by a unity. The tree of life can relate life’s unity and diversity. Part A Describe the relationship between animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea in the “tree of life.” Part B Explain how the “tree of life” represents and relates both the unity and diversity of life. Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

102. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are members of the domain Eukarya. Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea are the three domains thought to have descended with modification from a single common ancestor. Part B The living things on the tree are unified by sharing a common ancestor and having DNA with the same chemical makeup. But, no two species have exactly the same genetic makeup, which allows for a diverse array of organisms on Earth. Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

103. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Units of Measurement