1. Annotation : the scope er so Steven said it was not a property of um annotated corpora verb phrase Anaphoric reference noun phrase named entity passing truck speech act disfluency intonation pattern context participant

2. Some xml annotations st i v n Steven 12/03/1956.... steven er so steven said it was not a property of annotated corpora

3. Transcribing speech normalization issues ease of reading vs accuracy interpretation vs prosody analogous to problems of handling digitized images

4. The Spoken base tagset components : contextual information in header facilities for synchronization and timing

5. Features of speech

6. Utterances Basic unit of discourse, corresponding to speaker turns Optionally grouped into higher-level divisions ( s), e.g. to mark discourse function Linked by who attribute to description in header

7. Vocals and events Empty elements are used to mark paralinguistic phenomena This is just delicious I'll get it I used to smoke a lot He thinks he's tough

8. Voice quality and prosody The element is used to mark changes in voice quality Other prosodic features may be marked using specific kinds of or entity refs Elizabeth Yes Come and try this come on

9. Another example you never take this cat for show and tell meow meow yeah well I dont want to toy cat has bell in tail which continues to make a tinkling sound miaows because it is so old how about your cat yours is new shows Father the cat that darling no mine isnt old mine is just um a little dirty

10. Participant Description Female informant, well-educated, born in Shropshire UK, 12 Jan 1950, of unknown occupation. Speaks French fluently. Socio-Economic status B2 in the PEP classification scheme. 12 January 1950 Shropshire, UK English French Long term resident of Hull University postgraduate Unknown

11. Setting Description eg from P2 Bedford UK: South East early spring, 1989 rug of a suburban home playing Bedford UK: South East early spring, 1989 at the sink washing-up London, UK unknown broadcasting studio radio performance

12. Timing Pausing use element Duration use dur attribute Overlap use trans attribute

13. Overlap Have you heard the the election results? its a disaster its a miracle Have you heard the the election results? its a disaster its a miracle

14. Linking, segmentation, alignment Provides generic segmentation elements Provides extensive set of attributes for linkage, correspondence,synchronization, aggregation, alternation, etc. Documents generic pointing mechanism

15. Generic segmentation elements for arbitrary (nesting) segmentation for end-to-end segmentation use type attribute to subcategorise for points Segmentation is the key to successful linking and analysis

16. Clustering (Difficulty (is being expressed) with ((the method) (to be used))) Difficulty is being expressed with the method to be used

17. discontinuous segments fundamental problem first segment, then link, using stand-off “You put it,” Quill reminded him, “in the safe.” "You put it," Quill reminded him, "in the safe."

18. discontinuous segments can also use PART attribute to indicate that segments are incomplete “You put it,” Quill reminded him, “in the safe.” "You put it," Quill reminded him, "in the safe."

19. discontinuous segments “You put it,” Quill reminded him, “in the safe.” ”You put it,” Quill reminded him, “in the safe.”

20. Anaphoric reference Shirley, which made its Friday night debut only a month ago, was not listed on NBC 's new schedule, although the network says the show still is being considered. Shirley, which made its Friday night debut only a month ago, was not listed on NBC 's new schedule, although the network says the show still is being considered.

21. Translation pairs For a long time I used to go to bed early Longtemps je me couchais de bonne heure For a long time I used to go to bed early Longtemps je me couchais de bonne heure and/or....

22. Synchronization of whole elements of points in time its a disaster its a miracle Have you heard the the election results? yes

23. XML semantics are limited The containment relation is implicit, so we do not need to say though we may wish to say annotated corpora rule okay rule

24. Analytic mechanisms Specific kinds of segment for linguistic analyses Why is there no tag for noun? Specialized interpretive pointers ( and ) The ana attribute and its possible targets and feature systems and

25. Arbitrary characterizations The points into a stretch of a text and characterizes it in some way Target may be anything you can reach by an xpath

26. annotated More detailed analysis the ana attribute is of type IDREFS what does VVD identify? a prose description an element a feature structure

27. using interp... annotated corpora annotated corpora

28. hierarchic grouping of interps nouns can be common or proper nouns can be singular or plural

29. for example... verb past tense plural common noun annotated corpora

30. Encoding analyses Linguistic Annotation Frameworks and standards the philosophers stone Generic feature structure system any analysis can be represented by bundles of named feature-value pairs embedded within text or indirectly linked Ancillary feature system declaration Theoretically neutral (?) pragmatic solution to real world problem of intermachine communication

31. Feature structures a feature structure consists of a bundle of features a feature has a name and a value values may be binary switches, symbols, strings, feature structures, or operations on them bundling may constrained in various (not necessarily hierarchic) ways

32. ... or, in XML: The element represents a (typed) feature structure, which contains... One or more elements, each of which has a name a value Feature values may be atomic: complex: expressions:... or

33. Using a feature structure... corpora

34. Features: simple values binary, numeric, symbol or string constraints may be declared in FSD goose lemma : goose, category: noun, number:plural bar level: 0

35. Features: plus or minus. segment +, consonantal +, vocalic -, nasal -, low -, high -, back -, round -, anterior +, coronal +, continuant +, delayed release +, strident +]

36. Alternate values annotated...

37. for example... “mange”

38. Value libraries Collections of re-usable feature- structure components, each with a unique key May be referenced from an (using feats attribute) or an (using fVal attribute) NB effect is to transclude (embed a copy of) the referenced item Not to be confused with....

39. for example

40. Structure sharing Some are not trees but DAGs – nodes may have multiple parents We represent this by labelling each re- entrancy point, using a element All s with the same label are held to be the same node: any contents found are to be unified

41. for example

42. Collections and other multiples The value of a feature may be an aggregate of atomic values organized as a set, list, or bag We represent this as a with a distinguishing org attribute The value of a feature may (more usually) be a feature structure... or the value of a feature may be given by a feature expression

43. For example

44. Feature expressions We provide the following operators Negation i.e. complement Alternation “Flattening” collection We also provide a element... but some of these are not very useful in the absence of a feature system declaration

45. Validation of Feature Structures Constraints can be applied at three levels in the XML schema (e.g. empty is not allowed) by supplying additional rules in an established XML constraint language (e.g. Schematron) by defining a complete FSD or equivalent Or, a given set of could be “de- abstracted” to form a structure for which a specific schema could be written Essential to support “typing” and “sub-typing” of feature structures

46. “de-abstractification” A generic XML representation can be automatically converted to a specific one... zzz 42