1. Modes of Development Ways to Develop Paragraphs and Essays

2. Narration Storytelling Organized chronologically (in time order) Transition words: First, then, later, then Less emphasis on topic sentences Often used as examples within larger works Thesis revolves around lessons learned in story.

3. Description Notes physical characteristics Word picture Uses senses: sight, sound, etc. Organized spatially (left to right, top to bottom) Organized by order of importance – What stands out. Example: description of a donkey.

4. Comparison and Contrast Similarities and differences Block format: Part 1= Item 1, Part 2 = Item 2 Point format: Point 1 = Item 1, Item 2. Point 2 = Item 1, Item 2 Example: How is Irish Catholicism different from Mexican Catholicism? How are Catholics similar and different from Protestants?

5. Cause and Effect How and why. Why did or does something happen? What happens as a result? Example: Why does the earth shift? Why does unemployment rise? What happens to buildings constructed on landfill? Why? Do tax breaks help the economy? How does war affect the treasury of a country?

6. Definition and Example Clarifies a term or concept like democracy, communism, composition, Catholicism, love, freedom. Literal definition: dictionary definition Figurative definition: meanings beyond dictionary definition Connotation: emotional meanings of a word.

7. Classification Categories of a an idea Types of an idea What are the different types of love? What are the different types of people? Provide examples

8. Argument and Persuasion Trying to convince the reader of your point of view or impel him or her to action. Pathos – emotion (fewer facts, more heart wrenching stories) How Aunt Gertrude died from smoking Logos – reason (cold hard facts) – How many people die each year from second hand smoke

9. Classical Argument Problem (Intro) Solution (Thesis) Evidence (Body) Refutation (Opposing point of view) Conclusion (Impel reader to action).