1. A problem with linguistic explanations  A problem with linguistic explanations  Controlling articulatory movements  Memory for speech  The balance between phonetic forces

2. A problem with linguistic explanations  Assimilation: It can describe it by saying that adjacent sounds come to share some phonetic properties. If we restrict ourselves to the terminology and knowledge base of linguistic phonetics, we are restricted to descriptions of sound patterns and not their explanation.  Trap Reification: acting as if abstract things are concrete. For example: 1football 2.grandpa

3. Controlling articulatory movements (speech motor control)  To produce a lip closure movement, there are two main muscles -depressor labii inferior(P1) -incisivus inferior(P2)  When contracted will move the lower lip toward the upper lip, there are two main muscles -obicularis oris inferior(P3) -mentalis(P4)

6. Lip moves up and down as the jaw moves up and down  Depress the jaw -geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and digastricus(P5)  Raise the jaw -masseter and temporalis(P6)

8. Motor equivalences  Different motor activation patterns producing the same result. Explames: 1.When the teeth are held far apart-the muscles of the tongue raising it up in the jaw when you say 〔 i 〕 2.When the teeth are close together, the raising of the jaw itself contributes greatly to the lifting of the tongue for 〔 i 〕  Speech motor control involves private phonetic knowledge.

10. Memory for speech  One way to account tor phonetic invariance is phonetic implementation rules.  Devoicing is a phonetic reduction process, in which contrastive phonetic information is lost or neutralized as a function of speech rate or style. Example: potato

12. Exemplar Theory  Relies heavily on stored exemplars using processes of selection and storage rater than processes of transformation to define the range of variability found in speech.

13. Exemplar Theory: Basic Precepts Doug Hintzman (1986) sketched out the first working exemplar model of memory. (MINERVA) 1. Listeners store in memory every experience they have in their lifetime. Including all details of those experiences. 2. Specific experiences in memory are known as traces. They are linked to category labels. 3. New experiences are known as probes. 4. When probes are encountered, they activate similar traces in memory.

14. Core concepts in phonetics  Language universal features  Speaking styles  Generalization and productivity  Sound change

15. The balance between phonetic forces  Ease of articulation by using coarticulations  1.Fricative-following high front vowel station,nation 2.Nasal-following stop improper,impossible 3.glottis-whit a voiced consonant between the two vowels resist,result

16. The balance between phonetic forces  1. Anticipatory coarticulations: an articulator not involved in a particular sound begins to move in the direction of an articulation needed for a later sound a sound is affected by its following sound. for example, station, nation, impossible, intolerable

17. The balance between phonetic forces 2. Perseverative coarticulations: the persistence of an aspect of the articulation of one sound into the following sound; that is, a sound is affected by its preceding sound. for example, the nasalization of a vowel after a nasal consonant. e.g. the word "dogs“ is pronounced where the ending

18.  Articulatory processes are syntagmatic, affecting adjacent items in a sequence, whereas perceptual processes are paradigmatic, affecting the set of items that can occur in a given place in a sequence.

19. Thank you for your listening.