1. Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains 1.Bacteria 2.Archaea 3.Eukarya 4 Kingdoms in this Domain 1

2. Domain Eukarya has 4 Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Protista 2. Kingdom Fungi 3. Kingdom Plantae 4. Kingdom Animalia 2

3. Characteristics of Plants A. Eukaryotes B. Multicellular C. Cannot move from place to place D. Autotrophic-can Photosynthesize E. Thick cell walls made of cellulose (carbohydrate) 3

4. Review of Photosynthesis Words: Carbon Dioxide + Water---  Glucose + Oxygen Symbols: CO 2 + H 2 O ---------  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 4

5. Evolution of Plants The common ancestor of ALL plants is thought to be green algae. The common ancestor of ALL plants is thought to be green algae. In the early evolution of plants, they made the transition from aquatic to land environments. In the early evolution of plants, they made the transition from aquatic to land environments. The most crucial ingredient for movement to land is water and it is in short supply. The most crucial ingredient for movement to land is water and it is in short supply. 5

6. Special Adaptations A. Cuticle to prevent water loss B. Leaves for carrying out photosynthesis C. Roots to anchor and absorb water and minerals D. Stems for support and transport of food, water and minerals E. Vascular tissues for transport in some plants F. Most have seeds for reproduction G. Alternation of generations 6

7. Special Adaptations Most plants have a waxy cuticle which covers their leaves and stems which prevents water loss. Most plants have a waxy cuticle which covers their leaves and stems which prevents water loss. Cuticle is made of phospholipids. Cuticle is made of phospholipids. The phospholipids head is polar and attracted to water. The phospholipids head is polar and attracted to water. The cuticle is clear and this is important so that light rays can reach the chloroplast for photosynthesis. The cuticle is clear and this is important so that light rays can reach the chloroplast for photosynthesis. 7

8. Alternation of Generations See Study guide page 2 Multicellular diploid organism (2n) Unicellular haploid cells (n) meiosis Unicellular diploid zygote (2n) mitosis (spores) Multicellular haploid organism (n) mitosis Unicellular haploid gametes (n) fertilization sporophyte gametophyte mitosis 8

9. Human life cycle Multicellular diploid organism (2n) Unicellular haploid cells (gametes) (n) meiosis Unicellular diploid zygote (2n) fertilization mitosis Meiosis – splitting chromosome pairs – 2n  n Mitosis – making exact copy 9

10. Protists / fungi / plants Multicellular diploid organism (2n) Unicellular haploid cells (n) meiosis Unicellular diploid zygote (2n) mitosis (spores) Multicellular haploid organism (n) mitosis Unicellular haploid gametes (n) fertilization sporophyte gametophyte mitosis 10

11. Bryophytes think moss think moss 11

12. Bryophytes gametophyte sporophyte 12

13. Plant Evolution Plants are divided into: Plants are divided into: 1. VASCULAR-special tissue for carrying water and nutrients 1. VASCULAR-special tissue for carrying water and nutrients 2. NONVASCULAR-diffusion used to transport water and nutrients 2. NONVASCULAR-diffusion used to transport water and nutrients 13

14. Plant Evolution The Vascular plants are divided into seed plants and non seed plants (ferns) The Vascular plants are divided into seed plants and non seed plants (ferns) The Seed Plants are divided into those with cones and those with flowers The Seed Plants are divided into those with cones and those with flowers 14

15. Nonvascular vs Vascular Seedless vs Seed Bryophytes are the non-vascular seedless plants with our focus on the moss Bryophytes are the non-vascular seedless plants with our focus on the moss The Pterophytes are the ferns and they are vascular and seedless The Pterophytes are the ferns and they are vascular and seedless The Seed plants consist of the Gymnosperms with cones and the Angiosperms with flowers which are vascular and have seeds The Seed plants consist of the Gymnosperms with cones and the Angiosperms with flowers which are vascular and have seeds 15

16. Cladogram-Vascular Tissue Bryophytes Green algae Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Evolution of vascular tissue 16

17. Vascular tissue Set of tubes that transport materials around plant Set of tubes that transport materials around plant Allows plants to grow taller Allows plants to grow taller Water travels up through xylem Water travels up through xylem Sugar travels throughout in phloem Sugar travels throughout in phloem 17

18. Ferns live further on land Still must be in moist areas Still must be in moist areas Sporophyte survives with vascular tissue which helps conduct water Sporophyte survives with vascular tissue which helps conduct water But sperm must still swim to egg in tiny gametophyte But sperm must still swim to egg in tiny gametophyte 18

19. Fern gametophyte 19

20. Ginkgophyta A division of seed plants that A division of seed plants that have only one living species have only one living species The leaves of the plant are fan shaped The leaves of the plant are fan shaped For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow wild in eastern China. For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow wild in eastern China.China 20

21. Alternation of Generations An alternation between two distinct forms or generations that reproduce differently An alternation between two distinct forms or generations that reproduce differently One generation is haploid and reproduces sexually One generation is haploid and reproduces sexually The other generation is diploid and reproduces asexually The other generation is diploid and reproduces asexually 21

22. Alternation of Generations Gametophyte and Sporophyte Notice that the more advanced plants have a dominant Sporophyte and the less advanced plants have a more dominant Gametophyte 22

23. Moss Life Cycle http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html Moss Life Cycle 23

24. Fern Life Cycle http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html Fern Life Cycle 24

25. Alternation of Generations By definition, all plants alternate generations Gametophyte n=haploid Sporophyte 2n=diploid 25

26. Cladogram-Pollen Grains/Seeds Bryophytes Green algae Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of pollen grains / seeds 26

27. Gymnosperms Think cones (any conifer like pine trees) Think cones (any conifer like pine trees) female ovary male pollen cone 27

28. Pine tree Gymnosperms tiny gametophyte inside cone sporophyte sporophyte dominates 28

29. Gymnosperm pollen strategy Release a lot, hope some pollinate Release a lot, hope some pollinate (Meanwhile, irritating everyone else) (Meanwhile, irritating everyone else) Pollen is the male sperm in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Pollen is the male sperm in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms 29

30. OTHER ADAPTATIONS Vascular Tissue-Used for Transport Xylem specialized cells for carrying water and dissolved minerals from the roots Phloem cells for carrying food produced in the leaves through photosynthesis to all parts of the plant Vascular Cambium The specialized tissue that gives rise to new Xylem and Phloem This is the tissue that brings about the growth of a tree trunk 30

31. ADAPTATIONS Leaf Structure in Angiosperms The primary function of leaves is photosynthesis Most photosynthesis takes place in the Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll is loosely packed cells and permits gases to move between palisade cells and the outside of the leaf 31

32. ADAPTATION Root Structure Apical Mesistems are found at the tips of roots This is an area of active growth There are also meristems found at the tips of growing stems 32

33. Root Functions A. Anchor plants B. Absorb water and minerals C. May store carbohydrates (carrots, beets, turnips, radishes) D. May store water for dry periods MINERALS ABSORBED BY ROOTS 1. Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogen and potassium in LARGE amounts; called macronutrients 1. Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogen and potassium in LARGE amounts; called macronutrients 2. Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are called micronutrients 3. Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can kill plants 33

34. Transport in Plants Transport in a plant involves movement of water, minerals by vascular cambium Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots Phloem transports nutrients from the leaves to all parts of the plant Root Hairs aid in the absorption of water and minerals because it increases the surface area of roots 34

35. Stomata 35

36. Structure and Function of Stomata If water enters the guard cells, they swell up and the stomata opens If water enters the guard cells, they swell up and the stomata opens If water leaves the guard cells, they become soft and the stomata closes If water leaves the guard cells, they become soft and the stomata closes 36

37. Angiosperm or Flowering Plant Reproduction The Sporophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle of the Angiosperms 37

38. Cladogram-Flowers and Fruit Bryophytes Green algae Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Evolution of flowers / fruits 38

39. Sunflower Angiosperms tiny gametophyte inside bottom of flower rest of plant = sporophyte Sporophyte Dominates 39

40. Basic Flower Structure of an Angiosperm http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/plant_phys/?what=animationList&informationModuleId=1087230040 http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/plant_phys/?what=animationList&informationModuleId=1087230040 Sepals protect the flower bud from insect damage and dryness The color, scent, and nectar of flowers attracts insects, bats, and birds These animals help to transfer the pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of other flowers-called pollination 40

41. Complete and Incomplete Flowers Perfect Flowers: have both male and female reproductive structures. Perfect Flowers: have both male and female reproductive structures. Imperfect Flowers: have either male or female structures Imperfect Flowers: have either male or female structures Complete flowers: have four basic structures: petals, sepals, a stamen and a pistil Complete flowers: have four basic structures: petals, sepals, a stamen and a pistil Incomplete flowers: have one or more of these structures lacking Incomplete flowers: have one or more of these structures lacking 41

42. Advertising in UV color 42

43. Pollen Tube Growth and Fertilization in Angiosperms The Pollen grains are transferred to the Stigma where the pollen grain produces a Pollen tube The pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary where it fuses its nuclei with the nuclei of the ovule The fertilized ovule becomes a seed and the ovary develops into the fruit of the plant 43

44. Pollen grains Hard covering around sperm, light weight allows travel by wind Hard covering around sperm, light weight allows travel by wind Removes water requirement for fertilization Removes water requirement for fertilization 44

45. Fruit Typically collects sugar to attract animals Typically collects sugar to attract animals Seeds survive animal digestive system, pooped out far away from parent with free fertilizer! Seeds survive animal digestive system, pooped out far away from parent with free fertilizer! Some are not eaten by animals, just help wind carry seed (dandelion) Some are not eaten by animals, just help wind carry seed (dandelion) 45

46. After fertilization, ovary becomes fruit 46

47. Cladogram-Fruit and Flowers Bryophytes Green algae Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Evolution of flowers / fruits 47

48. Plant Responses Example: Sensitivity to pressure or touch This can be protective for the plant 48

49. Phototropism Positive Phototropism: the plant is bending toward the sunlight 49

50. Phototropism Phototropism is illustrated by the movement of plants in relation to light source direction Phototropism is illustrated by the movement of plants in relation to light source direction Light causes the hormone auxin to move to the shaded side Light causes the hormone auxin to move to the shaded side The auxin causes the cells on the shaded side to elongate The auxin causes the cells on the shaded side to elongate As a result, the plant bends toward the light and exhibits positive phototropism As a result, the plant bends toward the light and exhibits positive phototropism 50

51. Thigmotropism Thigmotropism is a plant growth response to touching a solid object Thigmotropism is a plant growth response to touching a solid object Tendrils and stems of vines, such as morning glories, coil when they touch an object Tendrils and stems of vines, such as morning glories, coil when they touch an object Thigmotropism allows some vines to climb other plants or objects, thus increasing its chance of intercepting light for photosynthesis. Thigmotropism allows some vines to climb other plants or objects, thus increasing its chance of intercepting light for photosynthesis. 51

52. Geotropism or Gravitropism 52

53. Gravitropism Gravitropism is a plant growth response to gravity Gravitropism is a plant growth response to gravity A root usually grows downward and a stem usually grows upward A root usually grows downward and a stem usually grows upward Roots are positively gravitropic and stems are negatively gravitropic Roots are positively gravitropic and stems are negatively gravitropic 53

54. Plant Hormones Auxin-This hormone promotes cell elongation Auxin-This hormone promotes cell elongation Auxin is found in the apical meristems of plants Auxin is found in the apical meristems of plants Gibberellins help the plants to grow taller Gibberellins help the plants to grow taller Gibberellins also increase the rate of seed germination and bud development Gibberellins also increase the rate of seed germination and bud development 54

55. Angiosperms are Divided into Monocots and Dicots 55

56. Monocots and Dicots Again 56

57. Monocot and Dicot Seed Structure 57

58. Monocot and Dicot Leaf Veins 58

59. Monocot and Dicot Flower Pedals Monocot-pedals in groups of three or multiples Monocot-pedals in groups of three or multiples Dicots-pedals in groups of 4s or 5s Dicots-pedals in groups of 4s or 5s 59

60. Monocot and Dicot Stem Monocots-vascular tissue scattered Monocots-vascular tissue scattered Dicots-vascular tissue around edge of stem Dicots-vascular tissue around edge of stem 60

61. Examples of Monocots and Dicots Monocots include: grasses, oats, wheat, orchids, lilies and palms Monocots include: grasses, oats, wheat, orchids, lilies and palms Dicots include: shrubs, trees (except conifers) wild flowers and some garden flowers Dicots include: shrubs, trees (except conifers) wild flowers and some garden flowers 61

62. Monocot and Dicot Seed Anatomy Food is stored in the cotyledon for the embryo Food is stored in the cotyledon for the embryo The seed coat functions as a physical barrier The seed coat functions as a physical barrier Epicotyls becomes the leaves of plant Epicotyls becomes the leaves of plant Hypocotyls becomes the stem Hypocotyls becomes the stem Radicle becomes the root Radicle becomes the root 62

63. Seed Germination Requirements for seed germination include: Enough water to activate the metabolism of embryo Sufficient oxygen for respiration Suitable temperature for growth of that species 63

64. Seed Dispersal Seeds dispersal is completed by birds, small animals, wind, and water Seeds dispersal is completed by birds, small animals, wind, and water The tough, fibrous outer covering of a coconut provides protection as well as a floatation device The tough, fibrous outer covering of a coconut provides protection as well as a floatation device 64

65. Seed Germination Seeds are stored food with an Embryo Some species need unusual conditions for Germination: Pass through acidic environment of an animals digestive system Some require freezing temperatures, extensive soaking in water (rice), exposure to fire (conifers/pines), or certain day lengths 65

66. Genetic Engineering of Plants Plants can be genetically engineered to: Plants can be genetically engineered to: Be more tolerant of different climates & soils Be more tolerant of different climates & soils Produce more fruit Produce more fruit Be more nutritious Be more nutritious Be more resistant to insects and herbicides (chemical that kills weeds). Be more resistant to insects and herbicides (chemical that kills weeds). 66