1. Chapter 8

2. A. Cell Energy 1. Energy is essential to life. All living things must be able to: a. produce energy from the environment b.store energy for future use c. use energy in a controlled manner

3. 2. Some cell processes that need energy are: a.active transport b.cell division c.Movement of cilia and flagella d. Production of proteins (esp. enzymes)

4. 3. Adensosine Triphosphate or ATP a.This is the energy molecule which is transformed from food in the mitochondria of cells b. This energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the ATP molecule and can be used quickly and easily by the breaking of the bonds

5. 1. Phosphate groups are charged (polar and hydrophilic) molecules.

6. A. AMP or Adenosine Monophosphate is formed when only one phosphate group is attached and only a small amount of energy is required (the chemical bonds do not store much energy).

7. B. ADP or Adenosine Diphosphate is formed when a second phosphate is added to AMP and when more energy is required to force the 2 phosphates together, yielding more energy when bonds are broken.

8. C.ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate is formed when the third phosphate is added to ADP. 1. tremendous amounts of energy are required to force the third phosphate close to the two others.

9. 2. This 3 rd phosphate is so eager to get away from the other two that when the bond is broken a great amount of energy is released forming ADP 3. The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down

10. 4. ADP can reform ATP by bonding with another phosphate group.  The addition and release of a phosphate group on ADP creates a cycle of ATP formation and breakdown.  As long as phosphate molecules are available, the cell has an unlimited supply of energy.

11. 1. Proteins have specific sites where ATP can bind so that when energy is released cells can capture and use the released energy efficiently and energy is not wasted.

12. 2. When the phosphate bond is broken and the energy is released, the cell can use the energy for activities such as making proteins or transporting molecules through the plasma membrane.

13. 3. The binding sites on proteins are necessary for cells to use this energy produced from ATP

14. Structure of leaves

15. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to trap the sun’s energy and build carbohydrates called glucose, that store energy (ATP).  Leaves are relatively flat so sunlight can penetrate to the photosynthetic tissues beneath the surface.

16. Structure of leaves: A. Mesophyll is the photosynthetic tissue of the leaf (2 Types):  1)palisade mesophyll made up of column- shaped cells containing chloroplast; found under upper epidermis; most photosynthesis takes place here  2) spongy mesophyll composed of loosely packed irregularly shaped cells and air spaces so that carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor can freely flow into and out of the stomata openings in the cuticle of the leaf

17. B. Dermal Tissue or Epidermis functions much like the skin of an animal; covering and protecting the body of the plant.  Epidermal cells produce a waxy cuticle that helps prevent water loss.

18. C. Stomata helps control water loss; controls exchange of gases D. Guard cells controls the opening and closing of the stomata regulates the flow of water vapor form the leaf tissue; takes in water by osmosis.

19. E. Chloroplast cell organelles that capture light energy and produce food to store for a later time (3 parts): 1)Disk-like compartments called thylakoids 2)Inner stacks called grana 3)Fluid surrounding called stroma 2. 1. 3.

20. F. Chlorophyll embedded in the membrane of and is light trapping pigment  Autotrophs-producers (produce own food, plants, they use photosynthesis)  Heterotrophs-consumers (gain energy by eating autotrophs (plants), animals)

21.  Transpiration is the process in which water and oxygen are lost in leaves through the stomata, which are regulated by guard cells

22.  The broad, flat portion of a leaf is the blade, which is attached to the stem by a petiole

24.  1.Cuticle thin waxy layer that prevents the loss of water.  2.Upper epidermis single protective layer of cells along the top edge of the leaf  3.Palisade layer rectangular photosynthetic cell below the upper epidermis (normally green). Where most photosynthesis occurs.  4.Vascular bundle loosely arranged photosynthetic cells below the palisade layer  5. Spongy layer groups of thick wall cell forming round rubes within the spongy layer. Responsible for transporting water and food

25. 6. Stomata openings along lower epidermis that allow gas exchange 7.Guard cells cells surrounding the stomata that control stomata opening and closing 8.Air space large empty space within the spongy layers 9.lower epidermis thin, protective single layer of cells along the bottom edge of the leaf

26. simple compound Double compound

28. Ch 8 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

29. Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use to trap the sun’s energy and build carbohydrates. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 This is accomplished in 2 phases: LIGHT

30. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS- which converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy; occur in the thylakoid sacs- chloroplast

31. 1) Sunlight strikes and light energy transfers to chlorophyll

32. 2) Chlorophyll passes energy down through the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN- providing energy that will: Split (photolysis) H 2 O O 2 + 2H + NADPH (from NADP+) Bond PO 4 to ADP forming ATP 3)NADPH and ATP are used in the Light-Independent reactions

34.  B. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS (Calvin Cycle)- produces glucose; takes place in the stroma; does not require light.

35.  1) Carbon fixation 1 Carbon atom is added to a 5 Carbon sugar (RuBP)  2) PGA-the 6 carbon sugar formed in Step 1 is split to form 2 PGA molecules

36.  3) NADPH + ATP from the Light Reactions convert PGA into PGAL (still a 3 Carbon sugar)  4) After 6 rounds of Calvin cycle - 1 GLUCOSE is formed  5) ATP and P replenish RuBP to begin the cycle again

39. II. Electron Transport Chain- membrane around the thylakoid

40. Ch 9

41.   Process by which mitochondrion breaks down food to produce ATP  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy  glucose plus oxygen produces carbon dioxide plus water and gives off energy

42. 1. 2.3.

43.  Anaerobic, uses no oxygen  Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell  Glucose breaks down to 2 Pyruvic acids (3 carbon sugars)  2 ATP used, 4ATP produced, 2 ATP net gain  Uses an e- carrier NAD to form NADH

45.  Aerobic, requires oxygen  glucose is further broken down  One ATP is produced with every turn of the cycle  2 electron carriers are used NAD + FAD

47.  Aerobic, requires oxygen  Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria  Similar to ETC of the thylakoid membrane  Oxygen is the final electron acceptor to form water  Produces 32 ATP molecules

49.  Anaerobic process-uses no O 2  Means of producing ATP until O 2 is available

50.  2 molecules of pyruvic acid is used to form lactic acid  2 ATP molecules are formed for each glucose  Causes muscle fatigue

51. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

52.  Used by yeast to produce CO 2 and ethyl alcohol  Yields 2 ATP molecules

53. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION