1. LEAF
Nature’s Solar Panel

2. LEAF Leaf stalk Leaf blade Appendages at base of petiole
Leaf lacking petiole
Sessile
Leaf blade
Lamina
Appendages at base of petiole
Stipules
Network of veins
Vascular bundles

3. ARRANGEMENT Alternate Opposite Whorled One leaf per node
Alternating along stem
Most common
Opposite
Two leaves attached to a node
Whorled
Three or more attached to node

4. SIMPLE LEAF
One blade on petiole

5. COMPOUND LEAF Multiple leaflets on petiole Pinnately compound
Leaflets attached to extended petiole
Rachis
Bipinnately compound
Multiple rachis

6. COMPOUND LEAF Multiple leaflets on petiole Palmately compound
All leaflets attached to end of petiole
Palm

7. VEINS Netted vein arrangement Parallel vein arrangement
Dicots (broadleaves)
Parallel vein arrangement
Monocots (grasses)
Only tree to have fan arrangement
Ginkgo

8. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Capture light energy
Store energy in form of carbohydrates
Water
Carbon dioxide

9. STOMATA Openings on lower surface of leaf Guard cells open and close
Regulated by potassium (K)
Inflated guard cells open
Deflated guard cells closed

10. STOMATA Gas exchange Transpiration Carbon dioxide in Oxygen out
Water vapor evaporation
Cooling plant

11. RESPIRATION
Consumption of carbohydrates
Growth

12. EPIDERMIS Outer layer of cells Waxy cutin
Cuticle
Thicker in the presence of pollutants or pests
Epidermis on top and bottom of leaf
Stomata mostly on bottom

13. MESOPHYLL Cells between upper and lower epidermal layers
Parenchyma cells with cholorplasts
Cholorenchyma

14. MESOPHYLL Upper mesophyll Palisade mesophyll Two rows
Compacted barrel-shaped chlorenchyma cells
Majority of photosynthesis

15. MESOPHYLL Lower mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Loose arranged
Abundant air spaces
Primarily for gas exchange

18. VEINS Vascular bundles Contained in a thick wall of parenchyma cells
Xylem
Phloem
Contained in a thick wall of parenchyma cells
Bundle sheath

19. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Shade leaves Larger Thinner Lower part of tree
Understory
Larger
Thinner
Less sunlight and heat

20. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Arid leaves Thicker Fewer stomata
Reduce transpiration

21. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Tendrils Climbing vines
Whiplike strands sensitive to contact
Wrap around object
Thigmotropism
Climbing vines
In some cases, tendrils are stems
Grapevine

22. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Spines Thorns Prickles
Cactus spines are modified leaves
Sclerenchyma cells
Tree spines are modified stipules
Short paired spines
Thorns
Modified stems
Prickles
Outgrowth from stem epidermis
Rose and raspberries

23. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Storage leaves Water storage Succulents
Large non-photosynthetic parenchyma cells
Large vacuoles store water

24. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Storage leaves Carbohydrate storage
Onion and other bulbs
Rapid growth early in season

26. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Reproductive leaves
Miniature plants on marge of leaf
Kalanchoe

27. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Floral leaves
Bracts
Colorful modified leaves at base of flowers
Poinsettia

28. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Carnivorous Over 200 species Bogs
Nutrient deficient
Acidic
Wet

39. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Pitcher Plant
Hollow leaves that often collect water
Waxy interior with downward pointing hairs
Difficult to escape
Wetting agents make it difficult to swim
Digested by enzymes

40. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Sundews
Sticky fluid at the end of each hair follicle
Digestive enzymes
Hair bend inward upon contact of insect
Can distinguish difference between protein object and inedible debris

41. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Venus flytrap Native to lower NC and upper SC
Trigger hairs in foliar trap
Close on insects instead of debris
Touched a few times within seconds
Trap reopens after digestion

42. SPECIALIZED LEAVES Bladderwort Submerged bladder leaves
Trigger hairs outside a trap door
Door opens and water rushes in along with aquatic insect

43. AUTUMN COLOR Chlorophyll in greatest supply Breaks down first
Shorter day length and cooler temperatures
No longer masks other pigments

44. AUTUMN COLOR Other pigments can be stored in vacuole Anthocyanin
Red if sap is acidic
Blue if sap is basic
Betacyanins
red

45. ABSCISSION Process of dropping leaves Evergreen plants
Gradually shed leaves
Deciduous plants
Shed leaves in winter