1.  r1r1 r2r2 R=r 1 +r 2 g 1 =1/r 1 g 2 =1/r 2 G=1/R=g 1 g 2 /(g 1 +g 2 )  G=g 1 +g 2 R=1/G=r 1 r 2 /(r 1 +r 2 ) r1r1 r2r2 g 1 =1/r 1 g 2 =1/r 2 Series Parallel Ohm’s LawFick’s Law Of Diffusion r su r sl r bu r bl CO 2 H2OH2O H2OH2O r bu Heat r bl Figure 16.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2. Photosynthetically Active Radiation Guard Cell Guard Cell Moist Air Water Vapor CO 2 + 2 H 2 O  CH 2 O + O 2 + H 2 O light Chloroplast Low CO 2 Leaf Cuticle Boundary Layer Thickness: 1 to 10 mm Height Temperature LowHigh Wind Speed High 0 rsrs rbrb rbrb Sensible Heat Figure 16.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3. Figure 16.3 44 24 20 12 16 20 36 40 32 28 8 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4. Figure 16.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5. Shady Sunny Solar Radiation ColdHot Temperature Figure 16.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6. Shady Sunny Solar Radiation MesicXeric Moisture Figure 16.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan