1. 1 Mimicry __________ mimicry – Palatable insects resemble brightly colored, distasteful species.  non-poisonous Viceroy butterfly looks like the _____________ ___________ mimicry – Unrelated protected species resemble one another.  predators learn more quickly  Several distasteful butterflies look alike

2. 2 Coevolution and Symbiosis Coevolution involves long-term mutual evolutionary character adjustments of two or more species. – predator-prey interactions – symbiotic relationships  long-term relationships.  Give an example of each: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism

3. 3 Interactions Among Ecological Processes Keystone species – Species that have a particularly strong effect on community composition.  top predators may keep one species from outcompeting others  Beavers build dams and change ecology.

4. 4 Succession Succession is the process of ecosystems changing from a simple to a more complex structure. – primary succession - occurs in bare or open areas  eutrophication (adding nutrients) of oligotrophic (poor in nutrients) lakes  Lichens first, then mosses, then larger plants. – secondary succession - occurs only when soil is already present

5. 5 Invasive Species What is meant by invasive species? Give examples of invasive species in North America, and describe the effect of each.

6. 6 The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation: makes nitrogen that plants can use to make proteins – Mainly from symbiotic bacteria – Ammonification-nitrogen fixation that makes NH3 (ammonia) from N2 gas. Denitrification- bacteria release N 2 gas into atmosphere

7. 7 Trophic Levels Autotrophs - capture light energy and manufacture own chemical energy – primary producers Heterotrophs - must obtain organic molecules that have been synthesized by autotrophs – consumers

8. 8 Trophic Levels – Primary consumers - herbivores – Secondary consumers - organisms that feed on herbivores – Detritivores - live on refuse of an ecosystem  Decomposers - break down complex organic material into simpler compounds

9. 9 Trophic Levels

10. 10 Trophic Levels Trophic level refers to the feeding level of an organism. – Organisms from each trophic level constitute a food chain.  Interconnected food chains constitute a food web. 10 % rule- On average, 10% of the organic matter (energy) transfers from one trophic level to the next.

11. 11 Primary Productivity Primary productivity refers to the amount of organic matter produced from solar energy in a given area during a given period of time. – Gross primary productivity is the total organic matter produced. – Net primary productivity is the amount of organic matter produced that is available to heterotrophs. Secondary productivity - rate of production by heterotrophs

12. 12 Types of Parasites-Trivial Ectoparasites live on the surface of their host (outside) ex: tick.. Endoparasites live inside their host ex: hookworm. Mesoparasites live part of life cycle inside and part outside. Ex: Apicomplex that causes malaria. Parasitoids- larvae eat their host and often kill, so they are really more like predators.