1. BONE PRESENTATION PART 3 Jim Matt Tyler DR. T

2. Importance of Bone Bones are not static, which means they are constantly changing shape and composition to meet the body’s needs. The role of bones extends beyond the function of simply giving your body its shape Support Protection Movement Blood Cell Production Mineral Storage

3. Support Bones provide support and structure Without bones the human body would essentially be nothing more than shapeless blob of tissue

4. Protection According to Minnesota State’s Emuseum – bones play an important role in the protection of the vital organs throughout the body Skull and backbone (vertebrae) – protect the central nervous system Ribs – protect chest – organs as lungs and heart

5. Movement Not all of our muscles need to be attached to bones in order to move (because we have muscles in our digestive and cardiovascular system that helps these systems function) The muscles that we use for voluntary movement all require bones to work properly Muscles are attached to bones by bands of tissue called tendons. Bones are necessary because the muscles need something to attach to in order to contract and cause motion

6. Blood Cell Production According to the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center – bones also are important as a center for the production of blood cells Inside the bone – filled with a jelly-like material called bone marrow Bone marrow – contain red blood cells (needed to transport oxygen throughout the body)

7. What Else? 1. White blood cells (needed for the immune system) 2. Adipocytes (fat cells) 3. Fibroblasts (needed to make connective tissue)

8. Mineral Storage Much of the body’s calcium is stored in bones When the body needs more calcium, bone tissue can be broken down to increase the blood’s supply Excess calcium can also be stored in bone tissue for later use

9. Impact of Aging on Bone Changes People lose bone mass or density as they age, especially women after menopause. The bones lose calcium and other minerals Vertebrae also lose some of their mineral content, making each bone thinner. The spinal column becomes curved and compressed The foot arches become less pronounced, contributing to a slight loss of height

10. Impact of Aging on Bone Changes The long bones of the arms and legs are more brittle because of mineral loss, but they do not change length. This makes the arms and legs look longer when compared with the shortened trunk Joints become stiffer and less flexible Minerals may deposit in and around some joints (calcification). Most common in the shoulder

11. Effects of Those Changes Bones become more brittle and may break more easily Breakdown of the joints may lead to inflammation, pain, stiffness, and deformity These changes range from minor stiffness to severe arthritis

12. Common Problems Osteoporosis is a common problem, especially for older women. Bones break more easily. Compression fractures of the vertebrae can cause pain and reduce mobility The risk of injury increases because gait changes, instability, and loss of balance may lead to falls

13. Increasing/Decreasing Bone The cells involved in increasing and decreasing bone: osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts

14. Osteoblasts Osteoblasts are the bone-forming cells. They create a protein mixture known as an osteoid, which mineralizes and becomes bone. They also produce enzymes that help to mineralize the bone and matrix proteins.

15. Osteocytes Osteocytes are primarily inactive osteoblasts. They maintain bone tissue. It is thought that osteocytes are the cells that control the osteoblast and osteoclasts and tell them when to form or resorb bone.

16. Osteoclasts Osteoclasts are the bone-resorption cells, aka they break down the bone. They play a vital role in calcium homeostasis

17. Remodeling The continuing process of bone synthesis and destruction is referred to as bone remodeling Helps to maintain structure and normal calcium levels in the body During childhood, bone formation outpaces bone resorption which allows the skeleton to grow After skeletal maturity is reached the two processes approximately balance and maintain the skeleton, assuming no disease is present.

18. Remodeling Controlled by the stress put on the skeletal system Under-stressed bone will cause resorption rates to outpace formation, thus creating thinner and weaker bones (examples) The opposite can be seen with bones that are suddenly put under higher levels of stress (examples)