1. After Julian: Pagans, Jews, & Heretics in the “Christian” Roman Empire

2. After Julian: Pagans, Jews, & Heretics in the “Christian” Roman Empire I. The Response to Julian

3. Bronze coin of Emperor Julian the Apostate

4. After Julian: Pagans, Jews, & Heretics in the “Christian” Roman Empire I. The Response to Julian II. Increasing Intolerance: The Reign of Theodosius I (379-395)

5. Emperor Theodosius I (379-395)

6. After Julian: Pagans, Jews, & Heretics in the “Christian” Roman Empire I. The Response to Julian II. Increasing Intolerance: The Reign of Theodosius I (379-395) A. Late Roman Law

7. “They shall be smitten first by divine vengeance and afterwards by the retribution of our punishment, which we shall assume in accordance with the judgment of heaven.” Edict of Theodosius I (Theodosian Code)

8. After Julian: Pagans, Jews, & Heretics in the “Christian” Roman Empire I. The Response to Julian II. Increasing Intolerance: The Reign of Theodosius I (379-395) A. Late Roman Law B. Anti-Pagan Violence

9. Statue of the Pagan God, Serapis

10. Theophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria, standing on the ruins of the Serapeum (fragment of fifth-century Alexandrian chronicle )

11. Ruins of the Serapeum The Serapeum (Alexandria), destroyed in 391

12. Defacement of Egyptian hieroglyph by Christian monks

13. Christian Graffiti: Pagan Statues marked with sign of the cross

14. After Julian: Pagans, Jews, & Heretics in the “Christian” Roman Empire I. The Response to Julian II. Increasing Intolerance: The Reign of Theodosius I (379-395) A. Late Roman Law B. Anti-Pagan Violence C. The Role of Bishops: The Ambrose-Symmachus Affair

15. Bishop Ambrose of Milan

16. After Julian: Pagans, Jews, & Heretics in the “Christian” Roman Empire I. The Response to Julian II. Increasing Intolerance: The Reign of Theodosius I (379-395) A. Late Roman Law B. Anti-Pagan Violence C. The Role of Bishops: The Ambrose-Symmachus Affair D. Jews & Heretics

17. “Ambrose of Milan Expelling Jews or Arians” (Illuminated manuscript, fifteenth century, from Morgan Library, New York, M. 672-5, © Morgan Library)

18. “Augustine of Hippo Refuting Heretic,” (Illuminated manuscript, thirteenth century, from Morgan Library, New York, M. 92, © Morgan Library)

19. “We prosecute all heresies and perfidies, all schisms and superstitions of the pagans, all doctrines inimical to the Catholic faith.” - Theodosian Code, 425

20. After Julian: Pagans, Jews, & Heretics in the “Christian” Roman Empire I. The Response to Julian II. Increasing Intolerance: The Reign of Theodosius I (379-395) A. Late Roman Law B. Anti-Pagan Violence C. The Role of Bishops: The Ambrose-Symmachus Affair D. Jews & Heretics III. Slow Christianization

21. After Julian: Pagans, Jews, & Heretics in the “Christian” Roman Empire I. The Response to Julian II. Increasing Intolerance: The Reign of Theodosius I (379-395) A. Late Roman Law B. Anti-Pagan Violence C. The Role of Bishops: The Ambrose-Symmachus Affair D. Jews & Heretics III. Slow Christianization A. Social & Cultural Factors in Conversion