1. Tense Present Simple & Present Continuous Present Simple Subject (I/You/We/They/He/She/It) + verb/verb to be (is/am/are) 1) General truth Ex. Birds fly. The earth moves round the sun. It’s cold in winter. 2) Repeated or habitual facts/Permanent situation Ex. He says hello to me every time he sees me. I sometimes go to the movies with her. I live in a small flat.

2. Present Continuous Subject + v. to be (is/am/are) + v. ing 1)Things that are happening around now. Ex. The sun is shining. The bees are humming. What are you doing? 2)Things that are happening in the future. Ex.We are going to Paris on Sunday. Dang is coming here next week and is staying here until May. What are you doing next Sunday?

3. Past simple & Past continuous Past simple : S.+v.2/v.to be (was/were) Completed situation in the past ex. He arrived at four o’clock yesterday. He walked to school every day last year. I lived in Korat for three years. I couldn’t sing well when I was 6 years old/young. While her husband was in the Army, she wrote to him twice a week.

4. Past Continuous: S.+ was/were+v. ing Things that were happening in the past. ex. He was writing at this time yesterday. They were speaking with me about homework at this time last week. I came here It was raining when I came here. (past cont + past simple) a car mounted As/While I was walking along the theater, a car mounted the sidewalk and crashed into a shop. (past cont + past simple)

5. Present perfect & Past perfect Present perfect : S. + have/has + v.3 A state that started in the past and is still continuing ex. I’ve lived here all my life. A completed action in the past which has some relevance to the present (e.g. a present result) ex. There has been a severe storm and the airport is now closed. Finished actions in a period of time that is still continuing ex. I’ve been there once already today. He has been ill for 2 days. I’ve worked here since June.

6. Past Perfect: S.+ had+ v.3 She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Had she ever seen a bear before she moved to Alaska? A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before. Use the past perfect to describe a sequence of events. The past perfect describes the first action. When we arrived, the train had left. (First the train left, and then we arrived. or We arrived at six but the train had just/already left. (We can use just/already to show that the first action happened recently or earlier than expected.)

7. idioms Actions speak louder than words Think before you speak (can’t) get a word in edgeways Hear it on the grapevine Be on the same wavelength Get straight to the point Have a quick word with someone

8. idioms Burst into…(laughter) Run out of (things to say) The life of the party Hold centre stage

9. Writing and Checking emails Formal/neutralInformal Greeting Request Mention of attachment Additional information Future contact Ending