1. Concepts of Engineering and Technology Introduction to Engineering Fundamentals and Civilization Part 1 - Definitions Photo Courtesy of Gary Payne/Denton Record-ChroniclePhoto Courtesy of Steve Van Meter, VideoRay 1 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

2. Warm-Up Activity Directions: Please take out a sheet of paper and respond to the questions below. Please check your spelling. In your own words, “What is Engineering?” In your own words, “What is Science?” In your own words, “What is Technology?” 2 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

3. Questions to ponder: What is the difference between science and technology? What are the greatest engineering accomplishments of the 20th century? How do newer engineering accomplishments compare to those throughout history? How does technology impact the world? What is the difference between innovation and invention? What is an ethical design dilemma? Why did engineering societies develop standards? 3 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

4. Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 21 st Century 1.Electrification 2.Automobile 3.Airplane 4.Water Supply and Distribution 5.Electronics 6.Radio and Television 7.Agricultural Mechanization 8.Computers 9.Telephone 10.Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 11.Highways 12.Spacecraft 13.Internet 14.Imaging 15.Household Appliances 16.Health Technologies 17.Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies 18.Laser and Fiber Optics 19.Nuclear Technologies 20.High-performance Materials UNT in partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All rights reserved. 4

5. Science vs Technology The words science and technology can and often are used interchangeably. But the goal of science is the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake while the goal of technology is to create products that solve problems and improve human life. Simply put, technology is the practical application of science. UNT in partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All rights reserved. 5

6. Science Technology Motto Science is knowingTechnology is doing Mission The search for and theorizing about cause. The search for and theorizing about new processes. Result Relevance Making virtually value-free statements Activities always value-laden Evaluation Methods Analysis, generalization and creation of theories Analysis and synthesis of design Goals achieved through Corresponding Scientific ProcessesKey Technological Processes Focus Focuses on understanding natural phenomena focuses on understanding the made environment Development Methods Discovery (controlled by experimentation) Design, invention, production Most observed quality Drawing correct conclusions based on good theories and accurate data Taking good decisions based on incomplete data and approximate models Skills needed to excel Experimental and logical skills needed Design, construction, testing, planning, quality assurance, problem solving, decision making, interpersonal and communication skills UNT in partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All rights reserved. 6

7. ABET defines engineering as: “The profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.” 7 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

8. Engineer A person who designs products, structures, or systems to improve peoples lives Mathematics is the language of science, engineering, and technology. Engineers use math to describe objects in great detail, and mathematical models can test designs without actually building them. Engineers use scientific principles to guide their design. 8 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

9. Engineers work in teams, and planning and design is a large part of their work. Engineering is a form of problem solving. Engineers work in teams because different people have different skills and can look at problems in different ways. An engineer must look at problem criteria and solution constraints. Engineering involves design and construction. Engineering is iterative. (repetition until a desired goal Is met) 9 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

10. ECE 404 Scott Umbaugh, Textbook: Design for ECE Engineers, Ford & Coulston Example Engineering Requirements Performance and Functionality Will identify skin lesions with a 90% accuracy Should be able to measure within 1mm Reliability Operational 99.9% of the time MTBF (Mean time between failures) of 10 years Energy Average power consumption of 2 watts Peak current draw of 1 amp 10 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

11. UNT in partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All rights reserved. 11 How voltage, current, and resistance relate An electric circuit is made when a path is made to allow free electrons to continuously move. This continuous movement of electrons of a circuit is called a current, and it is often referred to as "flow," just like the flow of water through a pipe. The force causing electrons to "flow" in a circuit is called voltage. Voltage is a specific measure of potential energy that is always relative between two points. When we speak of a certain amount of voltage in a circuit, we are referring to the measurement of how much potential energy exists to move electrons from one point in that circuit to another point. Without reference to the two particular points, the term "voltage" has no meaning. Free electrons move through conductors with some friction. This opposition to motion is called resistance. The amount of current in a circuit depends on the amount of voltage available to move the electrons, and also the amount of resistance in the circuit to oppose electron flow. Just like voltage, resistance is a quantity relative between two points. For this reason, the quantities of voltage and resistance are often stated as being "between" or "across" two points in a circuit.

12. UNT in partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All rights reserved. 12 What are amps, watts, volts and ohms? The­ three most basic units in electricity are voltage (V or E), current (I, uppercase "i") and resistance (r). Voltage is measured in volts, current is measured in amps and resistance is measured in ohms. There is a basic equation in electrical engineering that states how the three terms relate. It says that the current is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance. I = v/r Current = voltage/resistance amps = volts/ohms

13. UNT in partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All rights reserved. 13 A neat analogy to help understand these terms is a system of plumbing pipes. The voltage is equivalent to the water pressure, the current is equivalent to the flow rate, and the resistance is like the pipe size. To Help Understand Terms

14. UNT in partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All rights reserved. 14 Let's see how this relation applies to the plumbing system. Let's say you have a tank of pressurized water connected to a hose that you are using to water the garden. What happens if you increase the pressure in the tank? You probably can guess that this makes more water come out of the hose. The same is true of an electrical system: Increasing the voltage will make more current flow. To Help Understand Terms

15. UNT in partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All rights reserved. 15 Let's say you increase the diameter of the hose and all of the fittings to the tank. You probably guessed that this also makes more water come out of the hose. This is like decreasing the resistance in an electrical system, which increases the current flow. Electrical power is measured in watts. In an electrical system power (P) is equal to the voltage multiplied by the current. Power = voltage(current) P = v(I)

16. ECE 404 Scott Umbaugh, Textbook: Design for ECE Engineers, Ford & Coulston Constraints Economic Environmental Ethical and Legal Health and Safety Manufacturability Political and Social – FDA, language? Sustainability 16 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

17. Technology The means by which humans modify the world to address their wants and needs Involves an artifact Includes phones and televisions, and also things like spoons and running shoes It even includes the kernel of the grass grains we use in our cereal 17 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

18. Technology often involves a system, and includes the people, infrastructure, and processes. Involves the design, manufacture, use, and repair of the object The innovation, change, or modification of the natural environment to satisfy perceived human needs and wants Human innovation in action that involves the generation of knowledge and processes to develop systems that solve problems and extend human capabilities 18 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

19. Science Involves knowledge about the natural world Often involves knowledge for its own sake Discovers and explains what is Engineering involves creating what has never been 19 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

20. Technological progress promotes science advancement This mass spectrometer helped make the decoding of the human genome possible. Courtesy of: www.scienceaid.co.uk. 20 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

21. The Scientific Process 21 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

22. The Engineering Design Process Courtesy of: Engineering is Elementary http://www.mos.org/eie/engineering_design.php 22 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

23. The seven key resources for engineering are: People Energy Capital Information Tools and machines Materials Time 23 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

24. Engineering and Technology, 1st ed. Hacker et al. Delmar Cengage Learning (2010). Engineering Design: An Introduction, 1 st ed. Karsnitz, O’Brian, Hutchinson, Delmar Cengage Learning (2008). Engineering Your Future, 2nd ed, Gomez, Oakes, Leone, Great Lakes Press (2008). Gateway To Engineering, 1st ed. Rogers, Wright, Yates. Delmar Cengage Learning (2010). 24 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.