1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 The Digestive System: Part A

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Digestive System Two groups of organs 1.Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract) Digests and absorbs food Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Digestive System 2.Accessory digestive organs Teeth, tongue, gallbladder Digestive glands Salivary glands Liver pancreas

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.1 Mouth (oral cavity) Tongue Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Anus Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Small intestine Parotid gland Sublingual gland Submandibular gland Salivary glands Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Transverse colon Descending colon Ascending colon Cecum Sigmoid colon Rectum Vermiform appendix Anal canal Large intestine

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Digestive Processes Six essential activities 1.Ingestion 2.Propulsion 3.Mechanical digestion 4.Chemical digestion 5.Absorption 6.Defecation

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.2 Food Ingestion Propulsion Esophagus Stomach Pharynx Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Chewing (mouth) Churning (stomach) Segmentation (small intestine) Small intestine Large intestine Defecation Anus Feces Blood vessel Lymph vessel Absorption Swallowing (oropharynx) Peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) Mainly H 2 O

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.3 From mouth (b) Segmentation: Nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving the food forward then backward. Food mixing and slow food propulsion occurs. (a) Peristalsis: Adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, which moves food along the tract distally.

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. GI tract regulatory mechanisms 1.Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors Respond to stretch, changes in osmolarity and pH, and presence of substrate and end products of digestion Initiate reflexes that Activate or inhibit digestive glands Stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move lumen contents

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. GI tract regulatory mechanisms 2.Intrinsic and extrinsic controls Enteric nerve plexuses (gut brain) initiate short reflexes in response to stimuli in the GI tract Long reflexes in response to stimuli inside or outside the GI tract involve CNS centers and autonomic nerves Hormones from cells in the stomach and small intestine stimulate target cells in the same or different organs

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.4 External stimuli (sight, smell, taste, thought of food) Central nervous system and extrinsic autonomic nerves Afferent impulsesEfferent impulses Long reflexes Internal (GI tract) stimuli Chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, or mechanoreceptors Local (intrinsic) nerve plexus (“gut brain”) Effectors: Smooth muscle or glands Gastrointestinal wall (site of short reflexes) Response: Change in contractile or secretory activity Lumen of the alimentary canal Short reflexes

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneum: serous membrane of the abdominal cavity Visceral peritoneum on external surface of most digestive organs Parietal peritoneum lines the body wall Peritoneal cavity Between the two peritoneums Fluid lubricates mobile organs

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.5a Peritoneal cavity Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Ventral mesentery Abdominopelvic cavity Dorsal mesentery Vertebra Alimentary canal organ (a) Schematic cross sections of abdominal cavity illustrate the peritoneums and mesenteries. Liver

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves Holds organs in place and stores fat Retroperitoneal organs lie posterior to the peritoneum Intraperitoneal (peritoneal) organs are surrounded by the peritoneum

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.5b Abdominopelvic cavity Mesentery resorbed and lost (b) Some organs lose their mesentery and become retroperitoneal during development. Alimentary canal organ Alimentary canal organ in a retroperitoneal position

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Supply: Splanchnic Circulation Arteries Hepatic, splenic, and left gastric Inferior and superior mesenteric Hepatic portal circulation Drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs Delivers it to the liver for processing

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Histology of the Alimentary Canal Four basic layers (tunics) Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.6 Glands in submucosa Submucosa Lumen Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Duct of gland outside alimentary canal Gland in mucosa Nerve Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Mesentery Intrinsic nerve plexuses Myenteric nerve plexus Submucosal nerve plexus Mucosa Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Muscularis externa Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Serosa Epithelium Connective tissue

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mucosa Lines the lumen Functions Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones Absorbs end products of digestion Protects against infectious disease Three sublayers: epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mucosa Epithelium Simple columnar epithelium and mucus- secreting cells Mucus Protects digestive organs from enzymes Eases food passage May secrete enzymes and hormones (e.g., in stomach and small intestine)

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mucosa Lamina propria Loose areolar connective tissue Capillaries for nourishment and absorption Lymphoid follicles (part of MALT) Muscularis mucosae: smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Submucosa and Muscularis Externa Submucosa Dense connective tissue Blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Submucosa and Muscularis Externa Muscularis externa Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers Myenteric nerve plexus Sphincters in some regions

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Serosa Visceral peritoneum Replaced by the fibrous adventitia in the esophagus Retroperitoneal organs have both an adventitia and serosa

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.6 Glands in submucosa Submucosa Lumen Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Duct of gland outside alimentary canal Gland in mucosa Nerve Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Mesentery Intrinsic nerve plexuses Myenteric nerve plexus Submucosal nerve plexus Mucosa Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Muscularis externa Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Serosa Epithelium Connective tissue

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Enteric Nervous System Intrinsic nerve supply of the alimentary canal Submucosal nerve plexus Regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa Myenteric nerve plexus Controls GI tract motility

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Enteric Nervous System Linked to the CNS via afferent visceral fibers Long ANS fibers synapse with enteric plexuses Sympathetic impulses inhibit secretion and motility Parasympathetic impulses stimulate

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mouth Oral (buccal) cavity Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue Oral orifice is the anterior opening Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.7a Uvula Soft palate Palatoglossal arch Palatine tonsil Hard palate Oral cavity Tongue Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Epiglottis Hyoid bone Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea (a) Sagittal section of the oral cavity and pharynx

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lips and Cheeks Contain orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles Vestibule: recess internal to lips and cheeks, external to teeth and gums Oral cavity proper lies within the teeth and gums Labial frenulum: median attachment of each lip to the gum

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.7b Uvula Palatine tonsil Sublingual fold with openings of sublingual ducts Tongue Upper lip Lower lip Vestibule Gingivae (gums) Hard palate Soft palate Lingual frenulum Opening of submandibular duct Palatine raphe Inferior labial frenulum Posterior wall of oropharynx Palatopharyngeal arch Superior labial frenulum Palatoglossal arch (b) Anterior view

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Palate Hard palate: palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae Slightly corrugated to help create friction against the tongue Soft palate: fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle Closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing Uvula projects downward from its free edge

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tongue Functions include Repositioning and mixing food during chewing Formation of the bolus Initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste Intrinsic muscles change the shape of the tongue Extrinsic muscles alter the tongue’s position Lingual frenulum: attachment to the floor of the mouth

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. Tongue Surface bears papillae 1.Filiform—whitish, give the tongue roughness and provide friction- have keratin in the cells 2.Fungiform—reddish, scattered over the tongue 3.Circumvallate (vallate)—V-shaped row in back of tongue 4.Foliate—on the lateral aspects of the posterior tongue Note: The Fungiform, Circumvallate and Foliate house taste buds Go To Taste PowerPoint

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tongue Terminal sulcus marks the division between Body: anterior 2/3 residing in the oral cavity Root: posterior third residing in the oropharynx

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.8 Epiglottis Palatopharyngeal arch Palatine tonsil Lingual tonsil Palatoglossal arch Foliate papillae Circumvallate papilla Terminal sulcus Dorsum of tongue Midline groove of tongue Filiform papilla Fungiform papilla

37. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. SALIVA

38. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Salivary Glands (Two groups) Extrinsic salivary glands - (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) Intrinsic (buccal ) salivary glands - scattered in the oral mucosa

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Saliva Functions Cleanses the mouth Moistens and dissolves food chemicals Aids in bolus formation Contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of starch

40. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Extrinsic Salivary Glands Parotid gland (Otic Ganglion – CN IX) Anterior to the ear external to the masseter muscle Parotid duct opens into the vestibule next to second upper molar Submandibular gland (Submandibular Ganglion CN VII) Medial to the body of the mandible Duct opens at the base of the lingual frenulum

41. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Salivary Glands Sublingual gland (Submandibular Ganglion CN VII) Anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue Opens via 10–12 ducts into the floor of the mouth

42. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.9 Teeth Ducts of sublingual gland Sublingual gland Submandibular duct Posterior belly of digastric muscle Parotid duct Masseter muscle Body of mandible (cut) Parotid gland Tongue Submandibular gland (a) Frenulum of tongue Mylohyoid muscle (cut) Anterior belly of digastric muscle Mucous cells (b) Serous cells forming demilunes

43. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.7b Uvula Palatine tonsil Sublingual fold with openings of sublingual ducts Tongue Upper lip Lower lip Vestibule Gingivae (gums) Hard palate Soft palate Lingual frenulum Opening of submandibular duct Palatine raphe Inferior labial frenulum Posterior wall of oropharynx Palatopharyngeal arch Superior labial frenulum Palatoglossal arch (b) Anterior view

44. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4

45. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.5

46. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Saliva is secreted by serous and mucous cells Serous cells produce a watery secretion containing enzymes, ions, and tiny bit of mucin. Mucous cells produce mucin – a glycoprotein substance that when mixed with water produces mucous. The parotid gland only has serous cells. Submandibular and buccal glands produce equal proportions of serous and mucous Sublingual glands only produce mucous

47. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Composition of Saliva 97–99.5% water, slightly acidic solution containing Electrolytes—Na +, K +, Cl –, PO 4 2–, HCO 3 – Salivary amylase and lingual lipase Mucin Metabolic wastes—urea and uric acid Lysozyme, IgA, defensins, and a cyanide compound protect against microorganisms

48. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Additional Data on Saliva Normal flora in the mouth convert food-derived nitrates into nitrites which in-turn convert to nitric oxide in an acidic environment. This transformation occurs around the gums, where acid producing bacteria tend to cluster, and in the HCl rich secretions of the stomach. This activity acts as bacteriocidal agents in these locations. Saliva tests for HIV antibodies, oral cancer and diabetes are available Quick assessments of body hormones can be performed on saliva

49. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Control of Salivation (1) Intrinsic glands continuously keep the mouth moist Extrinsic salivary glands produce secretions when Ingested food stimulates chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the mouth – chemoreceptors are activated more strongly by acids like vinegar and citrus juice – mechanoreceptors are stimulated by any object in the mouth Sight or smell of food is enough to get juices flowing Irritations of lower GI by bacterial toxins, spicy foods or hyperacidity especially when associated feeling of nausea – also increases salivation

50. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Control of Salivation (2) Salivatory nuclei in the brain stem (Pons and Medulla) send impulses along parasympathetic fibers in cranial nerves VII and IX Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation and results in dry mouth (xerostomia) Average output of saliva is 1 to 1 ½ liter per day

51. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Teeth Primary and permanent dentitions are formed by age 21 20 deciduous teeth erupt (6–24 months of age) Roots are resorbed, teeth fall out (6–12 years of age) as permanent teeth develop 32 permanent teeth All except third molars erupt by the end of adolescence

52. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.10b Deciduous teethPermanent teeth (b)

53. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classes of Teeth Incisors Chisel shaped for cutting Canines Fanglike teeth that tear or pierce Premolars (bicuspids) and molars Have broad crowns with rounded cusps for grinding or crushing

54. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.10a Incisors Central (6–8 mo) Incisors Central (7 yr) Canine (eyetooth) (16–20 mo) Canine (eyetooth) (11 yr) Premolars (bicuspids) First premolar (11 yr) Molars First molar (10–15 mo) Molars First molar (6–7 yr) Lateral (8–10 mo) Lateral (8 yr) Second molar (about 2 yr) Second molar (12–13 yr) Third molar (wisdom tooth) (17–25 yr) (a) Permanent teeth Deciduous (milk) teeth Second premolar (12–13 yr)

55. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Dental Formulas A shorthand way of indicating the number and relative position of teeth Ratio of upper to lower teeth for one-half of the mouth Primary: 2I,1C, 2M Permanent: 2I,1C, 2PM, 3M

56. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tooth Structure Crown: the exposed part above the gingiva (gum) Covered by enamel—the hardest substance in the body (calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals) Root: portion embedded in the jawbone Connected to crown by neck

57. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tooth Structure Cementum: calcified connective tissue Covers root and attaches it to the periodontal ligament Periodontal ligament Forms fibrous joint called a gomphosis Gingival sulcus: groove where gingiva borders the tooth

58. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tooth Structure Dentin: bonelike material under enamel Maintained by odontoblasts of pulp cavity Pulp cavity: cavity surrounded by dentin Pulp: connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves Root canal: extends from pulp cavity to the apical foramen of the root

59. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.11 Crown Neck Root Enamel Dentin Dentinal tubules Pulp cavity (contains blood vessels and nerves) Gingiva (gum) Cementum Root canal Periodontal ligament Apical foramen Bone

60. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tooth and Gum Disease Dental caries (cavities): gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin Dental plaque (sugar, bacteria, and debris) adheres to teeth Acid from bacteria dissolves calcium salts Proteolytic enzymes digest organic matter Prevention: daily flossing and brushing

61. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tooth and Gum Disease Gingivitis Plaque calcifies to form calculus (tartar) Calculus disrupts the seal between the gingivae and the teeth Anaerobic bacteria infect gums Infection reversible if calculus removed

62. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Tooth and Gum Disease Periodontitis Immune cells attack intruders and body tissues Destroy periodontal ligament Activate osteoclasts Consequences Possible tooth loss, promotion of atherosclerosis and clot formation in coronary and cerebral arteries