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Chapter 17
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Objectives Evaluate the history, purpose, and methods of taxonomy Explain the meaning of a scientific name Describe the organization of taxa in a biological classification system SCS:
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17-1 Classification used by scientists to group living things specific names are used so biologists all over the world can understand
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Everyday items are also classified to group things together based on similarities Food, clothes, cars, houses, classes…
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Why do we classify things? to put things in order to show that they share a certain traits Useful in agriculture, forestry, and medicine
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Early Methods Aristotle - 2000 years ago classified things as plants (did not move) and animals (moved)
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He further divided animals into 3 groups based on where they lived He divided plants based on their pattern of growth and size
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LLinnaeus - 1735 ggroups called kingdoms UUsed very specific traits
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Further classified plants and animals Used names that described their traits All living things have 2 part name
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After discovering a new organism and investigating how to classify this organism, the scientist is ready give it a scientific name (genus and species name).
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two word Latin or Greek names the same naming system Linnaeus used is called binomial nomenclature
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Rules for writing a scientific name: Genus name is always capitalized Both names are italicized when typed or underlined if written Felis catus
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Today we use 7 groups for classifying organisms: Kingdom- the largest group of living things Phylum-the largest group within a kingdom Class – largest group within a phylum Order- the largest group within a class Family- largest group within an order Genus- larges group within a family Species-the smallest group of living things
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Kings Play Chess On Fresh Green Sand
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For example: the common house cat Kingdom: Animal (many cells) Phylum: Chordate (backbone) Class: Mammal (nurses young) Order: Carnivore (eats meat) Family: Felidae (sharp claws) Genus: Felis (small cats) Species: catus (tame)
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Objectives Describe how evolutionary relationships are determined Compare the six kingdoms of organisms SCS:
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Compare external and internal structures Breeding Behavior Geographic distribution Number and shape of chromosomes Biochemistry
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Scientists now place all living organisms into one of the 6 kingdoms: Archeobacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Protista, Plant, and Animal All kingdoms are more complex than the one below Viruses fall outside the 6 kingdom realm but play an important (and sometimes dangerous role in the environment)
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Scientists determine evolutionary relationships by look at: Structure Breeding behavior Distribution Chromosomes biochemistry
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Species that share a common ancestor share common evolutionary history Phylogeny-evolutionary history of a species
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Cladistics- system base on phylogeny Cladogram-branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships
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Phylogenic diagram- fan-like model superimposed on the geologic timescale
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The kingdoms Reflect evolutionary history
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one celled organisms no nucleus live in extreme environments (O 2 free, high saline, and hot acidic) some of the oldest fossils found 100’s of species
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one celled, no nucleus some contain chlorophyll so are photosynthetic (blue green bacteria) Microscopic Replicate quickly (every 20-30 minutes)
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mmostly single celled nnucleus and other cell parts ssome have chlorophyll ssome move and some cannot iincludes diatoms, paramecia, and algae aanimal, plant, and fungus-like types
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cell walls, but no chlorophyll Made up of hyphae absorb food from surroundings consumers, decomposers, parasites, saprophytes (live on dead matter)
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Photosynthetic Multicellular Cell walls with cellulose Producers 1 st evidence for plants – 500 mya
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Eukaryotic Multicelled specialized cells Heterotrophic Most can move Most reproduce asexually First appeared in the Cambrian
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