2. Extras Classification Viruses Bacteria Population Genetics 50 40 30 20 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50

3. How is gene variation related to natural selection? Genes need to vary in a population for natural selection to occur. (Survival of the fitest)

4. What five assumptions must met for a population to be in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 1.No mutations 2.No selection occurs 3.Random mating 4.No input of genes from outside sources 5.Population must be large

5. How do Hardy-Weinberg equations work? p= dominant allele q= recessive allele p 2 = homozygous dominant genotype q 2 = homozygous recessive genotype 2pq= heterozygous

6. What are the five agents of evolutionary change? 1. Mutation 2. Gene Flow 3. Nonrandom Mating 4. Genetic Drift 5. Selection

7. What are the three forms of selection? 1.Disruptive selection- acts to eliminate rather than favor intermediate types 2.Directional Selection- acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes 3.Stabilizing selection- act to eliminate both extremes from an array of phenotypes

8. What are the three forms of bacteria? Cocci- round Bacilli- rod Spirilli-spiral

9. What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Multicellularity Cell size Chromosomes Cell division & genetic recombination Internal compartmentalization Flagella Metabolic divesity

10. Why are bacteria so metabolically diverse? They can be photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs or chemoheterotrophs

11. Name three disease caused by bacteria 1.Botulism 2.Cholera 3.Dental caries

12. What is the differences between archaebacteria and eubacteria? 1. cell wall 2. plasma membrane 3. gene translation machinery 4. gene architecture

13. What is the lytic life cycle of a virus? Virus finds a specific, attaches and injects its DNA into the host. Host replicates virus; virus takes over cell, lyses it open and causes infection (immune reponse)

14. What is the lysogenic life cycle of a virus? Lysogenic viruses find specific cell and attach, inject genome into host genome and go quiet. Considered a prophage that can, at a later, time move into the lytic life cycle.

15. Discuss transformation Altering the genome by the introduction of another genome

16. What is a viroid? A naked piece of RNA that causes disease in plants

17. What is a prion? A proteinaceous infectious particle; responsible for mad cow.

18. Define taxonomy The science of classifying organisms

19. What are the taxons? Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

20. What is the binomial nomenclature? Using a two-part naming system (genus-species)

21. What are the three domains? Domain Archaea Domain Eubacteria Domain Eukarya

22. What are the three life cycles? 1.Zygotic meiosis 2.Gametic meiosis 3.Alternation of generation

23. What is a cation? What is an anion? A cation is an atom that has more protons than electrons. An anion is an atom that has more electrons than protons

24. What are the six types of membrane proteins 1.Transporters 2.Enzymes 3.Cell surface receptors 4.Cell surface identity markers 5.Cell adhesion protein 6.Attachment to cytoskeleton

25. Discuss forms of energy Mechanical Heat Sound Electric current Light Radioactive radiation

26. What factors effect enzyme function? 1.Temperature 2.pH 3.Inhibitors 4.Coenzymes

27. How do cells divide? Binary fission Mitosis Meiosis