1. VIRUSES

2. LESSON OBJECTIVES  Learning Goals  Yesterday’s Recap  Minds ON  Virus Lesson (Specifics and Clips)

3. LEARNING GOALS  We are / will be learning to…  Analyze the risks and benefits of human intervention (e.g. pesticide use, fish stocking, tree planting, etc.)  Analyze how climate change could impact the diversity of living things (e.g. Global warming, increase in precipitation)  Become familiar with terms such as: species diversity, structural diversity, bacteria, fungi, binomial nomenclature, morphology  Classify, apply, and draw dichotomous keys to identify and classify organisms according to kingdom  Explain concepts of taxonomic rank such as genus, species and taxon viruses  Compare/contrast characteristics of prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses  Compare/contrast anatomical and physiological characteristics of organisms representative of each kingdom  Explain structural and functional changes of organisms as they have evolved over time  Explain why biodiversity is important for maintaining viable ecosystems

4. YESTERDAY’S RECAP  Bacteria Characteristics: single cell, prokaryote, anatomy Shapes and groupings Gram Staining (Gram +, Gram -) Cell Movement: Flagellum, Cilia, Non-Motile Bacterial Respiration: Aerobic, anaerobic, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobes Bacteria Metabolism: autotroph, heterotroph, chemotroph Bacteria terms Reproduction of bacteria: binary fission, spores, conjugation Characteristics: Archaebacteria, eubacteria

5. MINDS ON  News article News article http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/cfia-probes- link-between-feed-and-pig-virus/article16791906/  Cell Phones http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lmwbBzClAc&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lmwbBzClAc&feature=related

6. WHAT IS A VIRUS?  Latin: toxin, poison  a microscopic organism consisting of genetic material (RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein coat.  Exists between living and non-living (lacks characteristics of six Kingdoms)  Parasitic existence Source: Medical News Today

7. EXAMPLES OF VIRUSES  Measles  Measles, also known as Rubeola or morbilli, is a highly infectious illness caused by a virus - a viral infection caused by the rubeola virus  AIDS  AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system. This susceptibility worsens as the disease progresses.  SARS  SARS stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. It is a contagious disease that is caused by the SARS Coronavirus (SARS CoV) and typically leads to a potentially fatal form of pneumonia. Source: Medical News Today

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF A VIRUS  Size: 20-400 nm(nanometers)  Make: Mostly of nucleic acid and capsid Capsid: Protein covering (made of hundreds of protein molecules); makes up 95% of virus Nucleic acid: Single strand of DNA or RNA

9. VIRUS SHAPES Bacteriophage: Bacteriophage: most complex and largest ; attack and infect bacteria

10. VIRUS SPECIFICITY  Viruses must enter cells to carry out life processes.  Not every virus is considered to be disease- causing.  Viruses are generally selective, and in most cases, specific viruses enter only specific host cells.

11. VIRUS REPRODUCTION  FOUR BASIC STEPS – copy onto handout  Attachment and entrance: Virus chemically recognizes a host cell and attaches to it. Either the whole virus or only its DNA or RNA material enters the cell’s cytoplasm.

12. VIRUS REPRODUCTION  Synthesis of protein and nucleic acid units: molecular information contained in the viral DNA or RNA directs the host cell in replicating viral components (nucleic acids, enzymes, caspid proteins, and other viral proteins)

13. VIRUS REPRODUCTION  Assembly of the units: The viral nucleic acids, enzymes, and proteins are brought together and assembled into new virus particles.

14. VIRUS REPRODUCTION  Release of new virus particles: newly formed virus particles are released from the infected cell and the host cell dies.

15. TWO REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES Depending on the type of virus, virus reproduction can occur two ways:  Lytic Cycle – host cell bursts http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ  Lysogenic Cycle – virus waits before hijacking cell; cell multiplies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J9-xKitsd0

16. CULTURE LAB  We will be completing a lab in which we culture bacteria from various objects around Adam Scott  Lab due on Tuesday, February 18 th.  This lab will be mostly formal---more info to come.

17. EXIT CARD What Kingdom does algae belong to? How is it not Plantae (list characteristics)?