1. Water Cycle 1.Formulation of the hydrological cycle 2.Equations of Hydrology 3.Observations

2. Formulation of the hydrological cycle

3. Global water content 13.1x10 15 kg (~2.5cm) Annual mean precipitation ~1m Overturning ~40 times/year (9 days)

4. Equations of Hydrology S=P-E-R 0 -R u S- rate of storage of water P- precipitation rate (liquid and solid phase) E- evaporation rate R 0 - surface runoff R u -subterranean runoff -time-averaging,-space-averaging For large areasis small, thus accurately measured semiempiric estimates

5. Runoff

7. Balance Equations for Water Wapor -amount of precipitable water [g/m 2 ] -areal runoff, -equation for the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle couples land and atmospheric branches, thus Globally E=P -transport trough one parallel -vertical transport

8. Water Wapor in the Atmosphere (Horizontal patterns)

9. Water Wapor in the Atmosphere (Vertical patterns) More than 50 percent of the water vapor is below 850mb (90 percent below 500mb)

10. NH: Summer-Winter 1.2cm water SH: Summer-Winter 0.7cm water Global mean water content 2.5cm

11. Transport of Water Vapor

17. Aerial Runoff