1. Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies 22.4

2. 1952 Election  Ready for a change in leadership  Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb  China fell to communism  American troops were fighting in Korea  Adlai Stevenson vs. Dwight Eisenhower vs.

3. Eisenhower’s thinking  Key to victory isn’t military might, but a strong economy  “must be prepared to use atomic weapons in all forms”  “nuclear weapons gave more bang for the buck”  Massive Retaliation- threatening the use of atomic weapons

4. Brinkmanship  The willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down  Critics argued it was too dangerous

5. Brinkmanship Secretary of State John Foster Dulles responds to Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace “You have to take chances for peace, just as you must take chances in war. Some say that we were brought to the verge of war. Of course we were brought to the verge of war. The ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art…if you try to run away from it, if you are scared to go to the brink, you are lost. We’ve had to look it square in the face…We walked to the brink and we looked it in the face. We took strong action.”

6. The Suez Crisis  Middle East  Eisenhower’s goal: prevent Arab nations from aligning with the Soviet Union  Sec. of State Dulles offered to help Egypt finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River A shipping route for oil from the ME

7. Problems Encountered  Egypt had bought weapons from Czechoslovakia  Egypt seizes Suez Canal (owned by British and French) and intends to use profits to pay for the dam  British and French troops invade Egypt  Eisenhower put nuclear forces on alert  Britain and France call off invasion  Soviet Union won a diplomatic victory by supporting Egypt  Other Arab nations began accepting Soviet aid as well

8. CIA: Covert Operations  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)- conducted covert (hidden) operations  Overthrow anti-American leaders  Took place in developing nations (had primarily agricultural economies)  Looked to Soviet Union as a model of how to industrialize economy

9. Iran and Guatemala  Iran  PM Mohammed Mossadegh  Pro-American Shah tried to force Mossadegh out of office- failed  CIA sent in agents to organize street riots and arrange a coup that ousted Mossadegh and returned Shah to power

10. Iran and Guatemala  Guatemala  With communist support, Jacobo Arbenz Guzman was elected president  Czechoslovakia delivered arms to Guatemala  CIA armed Guatemalan opposition and trained them at secret camps

11. Trouble in Eastern Europe  Stalin died in 1953  1956- Nikita Khrushchev emerged as leader  Attacked Stalin’s policies in a secret speech  Many Soviets had been frustrated with Communism already  Riots broke out  Stopped by Soviets

12. Pan-Arabism  President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt had emerged from Suez crisis as a hero to the Arab people  Tried to spread pan-Arabism, idea that all Arab people should be united into one nation  Worried about his links to the Soviet Union

13. Eisenhower Doctrine  Eisenhower asked Congress to authorize the use of military force whenever the president thought it necessary to assist Middle East nations resisting Communist aggression  Extended policy of containment in the Middle East

14. Sputnik  Khrushchev had supported “peaceful coexistence” with capitalism  But accused these countries of starting a “feverish arms race”  1957- Soviets launched Sputnik- the first artificial satellite sent into orbit

15. A Spy Plane Is Shot Down  1960- Soviet Union shot down an American U-2 spy plane  Eisenhower first claimed it was a weather plane  Pilot was captured  Summit between the two leaders was called off