1. Would changing farmers' attitudes to waste management make our food and water safer? Chris Hodgson Rob Fish, David Oliver, Dave Chadwick, Louise Heathwaite, Michael Winter

2. “I get a thrill out of hearing muck splash into water” Low E. coli burden to land e.g. Low livestock numbers Limited manure for spreading Manure composted for > 3 months Infrastructural advantages e.g. Can include small hard standing area, high manure storage capacity, clean water separation etc. Low runoff potential e.g. Inherent landscape features: flat fields on well drained soil But…. Farmer X

3. “Diffuse pollution? That’s insidious pollution coming from unidentifiable sources” But…. Infrastructural limitations e.g. Can include lack of stream fencing, direct drainage of contaminated water to watercourse from impervious yard area, inadequate slurry storage Farmer Y High E. coli burden to land e.g. High stocking density Animal type High slurry application rate High runoff potential e.g. Inherent and unavoidable landscape features : steep slopes and heavy soils

4. Changing farmers' attitudes to manure and land management is part of the process by which we make food and water safer But attitudinal change is not a panacea Making our food and watercourses safer arises from making appropriate interventions in ways that reflect farm circumstances So……

5. The Taw Catchment, N Devon Some features of this map are based on digital spatial data licensed from the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology © CEH. This includes material based on Ordnance Suryey 1:50, 000 maps with the permission of the controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office © Crown copyright (0186A). Sustainable & holistic foodchains for recycling livestock waste to land [RES-224-25-0086]

6. The ‘Kite’ Concept

7. These elements are the basis for a Farm Scale Risk Assessment Tool We are assessing a sample of farms against each of these four elements This will enable an understanding of how appropriate management interventions can begin to be targeted Some of these interventions may be related to attitudes but many will not

8. Two example farm systems from the Taw catchment

9. Safer food and water partly arises from managing the interplay of social and physical risk factors at the farm scale Attitudes are one important dimension to this issue, but changing attitudes is not always enough. Indeed, changing attitudes may sometimes be insignificant Cross-disciplinary programmes of research are needed to illuminate interactions and make interventions that are adaptive to an essentially complex system Our research is starting to grasp some of the complexities that surround interactions between physical and social factors at the farm scale One of the research challenges arising from this work is how to convey clear messages about managing risk, whilst recognising the inherent complexities of understanding how risk functions The ‘Kite’ approach is one way we are responding to this challenge Concluding remarks